modulus = 496597749679620867773432037469214230242402307330180853437434581099336634619713640485778675608223760166307530047354464605410050411581079376994803852937842168733702867087556948851016246640584660942486895230518034810309227309966899431 assert(modulus.is_prime()) Fp = GF(modulus) generator = Fp(0); for i in range(0, 20): i = Fp(i); neg_i = Fp(-i) if not(i.is_primitive_root() or neg_i.is_primitive_root()): continue elif i.is_primitive_root(): assert(i.is_primitive_root()); print("Generator: %d" % i) generator = i break else: assert(neg_i.is_primitive_root()); print("Generator: %d" % neg_i) generator = neg_i break two_adicity = valuation(modulus - 1, 2); trace = (modulus - 1) / 2**two_adicity; two_adic_root_of_unity = generator^trace print("2-adic Root of Unity: %d " % two_adic_root_of_unity)