modulus = 475922286169261325753349249653048451545124878552823515553267735739164647307408490559963137 assert(modulus.is_prime()) Fp = GF(modulus) generator = Fp(0); for i in range(0, 20): i = Fp(i); neg_i = Fp(-i) if not(i.is_primitive_root() or neg_i.is_primitive_root()): continue elif i.is_primitive_root(): assert(i.is_primitive_root()); print("Generator: %d" % i) generator = i break else: assert(neg_i.is_primitive_root()); print("Generator: %d" % neg_i) generator = neg_i break two_adicity = valuation(modulus - 1, 2); trace = (modulus - 1) / 2**two_adicity; two_adic_root_of_unity = generator^trace print("2-adic Root of Unity: %d " % two_adic_root_of_unity)