diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e8f1c13..3dfb8b0 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -665,9 +665,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.1.5"
+version = "1.1.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "324c74f2155653c90b04f25b2a47a8a631360cb908f92a772695f430c7e31052"
+checksum = "2aba8f4e9906c7ce3c73463f62a7f0c65183ada1a2d47e397cc8810827f9694f"
 dependencies = [
  "jobserver",
  "libc",
diff --git a/benches/groth16.rs b/benches/groth16.rs
index e18af15..51847c9 100644
--- a/benches/groth16.rs
+++ b/benches/groth16.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 use ark_circom::{read_zkey, CircomReduction, WitnessCalculator};
 use ark_std::rand::thread_rng;
 
-use ark_bn254::Bn254;
+use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
 use ark_groth16::Groth16;
 use wasmer::Store;
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn bench_groth(c: &mut Criterion, num_validators: u32, num_constraints: u32) {
     )
     .unwrap();
     let full_assignment = wtns
-        .calculate_witness_element::<Bn254, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
+        .calculate_witness_element::<Fr, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
         .unwrap();
 
     let mut rng = thread_rng();
diff --git a/src/circom/builder.rs b/src/circom/builder.rs
index 2b1ab5d..f1842a0 100644
--- a/src/circom/builder.rs
+++ b/src/circom/builder.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use std::{fs::File, path::Path};
 use wasmer::Store;
 
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
+
 use super::{CircomCircuit, R1CS};
 
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
@@ -14,21 +15,21 @@ use crate::{
 use color_eyre::Result;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CircomBuilder<E: Pairing> {
-    pub cfg: CircomConfig<E>,
+pub struct CircomBuilder<F: PrimeField> {
+    pub cfg: CircomConfig<F>,
     pub inputs: HashMap<String, Vec<BigInt>>,
 }
 
 // Add utils for creating this from files / directly from bytes
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CircomConfig<E: Pairing> {
-    pub r1cs: R1CS<E>,
+pub struct CircomConfig<F: PrimeField> {
+    pub r1cs: R1CS<F>,
     pub wtns: WitnessCalculator,
     pub store: Store,
     pub sanity_check: bool,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> CircomConfig<E> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> CircomConfig<F> {
     pub fn new(wtns: impl AsRef<Path>, r1cs: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
         let mut store = Store::default();
         let wtns = WitnessCalculator::new(&mut store, wtns).unwrap();
@@ -56,10 +57,10 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomConfig<E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> CircomBuilder<F> {
     /// Instantiates a new builder using the provided WitnessGenerator and R1CS files
     /// for your circuit
-    pub fn new(cfg: CircomConfig<E>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(cfg: CircomConfig<F>) -> Self {
         Self {
             cfg,
             inputs: HashMap::new(),
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
 
     /// Generates an empty circom circuit with no witness set, to be used for
     /// generation of the trusted setup parameters
-    pub fn setup(&self) -> CircomCircuit<E> {
+    pub fn setup(&self) -> CircomCircuit<F> {
         let mut circom = CircomCircuit {
             r1cs: self.cfg.r1cs.clone(),
             witness: None,
@@ -88,11 +89,11 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
 
     /// Creates the circuit populated with the witness corresponding to the previously
     /// provided inputs
-    pub fn build(mut self) -> Result<CircomCircuit<E>> {
+    pub fn build(mut self) -> Result<CircomCircuit<F>> {
         let mut circom = self.setup();
 
         // calculate the witness
-        let witness = self.cfg.wtns.calculate_witness_element::<E, _>(
+        let witness = self.cfg.wtns.calculate_witness_element::<F, _>(
             &mut self.cfg.store,
             self.inputs,
             self.cfg.sanity_check,
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomBuilder<E> {
         // sanity check
         debug_assert!({
             use ark_relations::r1cs::{ConstraintSynthesizer, ConstraintSystem};
-            let cs = ConstraintSystem::<E::ScalarField>::new_ref();
+            let cs = ConstraintSystem::<F>::new_ref();
             circom.clone().generate_constraints(cs.clone()).unwrap();
             let is_satisfied = cs.is_satisfied().unwrap();
             if !is_satisfied {
diff --git a/src/circom/circuit.rs b/src/circom/circuit.rs
index 05c4b33..be76518 100644
--- a/src/circom/circuit.rs
+++ b/src/circom/circuit.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_relations::r1cs::{
     ConstraintSynthesizer, ConstraintSystemRef, LinearCombination, SynthesisError, Variable,
 };
 
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
+
 use super::R1CS;
 
 use color_eyre::Result;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct CircomCircuit<E: Pairing> {
-    pub r1cs: R1CS<E>,
-    pub witness: Option<Vec<E::ScalarField>>,
+pub struct CircomCircuit<F: PrimeField> {
+    pub r1cs: R1CS<F>,
+    pub witness: Option<Vec<F>>,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> CircomCircuit<E> {
-    pub fn get_public_inputs(&self) -> Option<Vec<E::ScalarField>> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> CircomCircuit<F> {
+    pub fn get_public_inputs(&self) -> Option<Vec<F>> {
         match &self.witness {
             None => None,
             Some(w) => match &self.r1cs.wire_mapping {
@@ -25,11 +26,8 @@ impl<E: Pairing> CircomCircuit<E> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
-    fn generate_constraints(
-        self,
-        cs: ConstraintSystemRef<E::ScalarField>,
-    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> ConstraintSynthesizer<F> for CircomCircuit<F> {
+    fn generate_constraints(self, cs: ConstraintSystemRef<F>) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
         let witness = &self.witness;
         let wire_mapping = &self.r1cs.wire_mapping;
 
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
         for i in 1..self.r1cs.num_inputs {
             cs.new_input_variable(|| {
                 Ok(match witness {
-                    None => E::ScalarField::from(1u32),
+                    None => F::from(1u32),
                     Some(w) => match wire_mapping {
                         Some(m) => w[m[i]],
                         None => w[i],
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
         for i in 0..self.r1cs.num_aux {
             cs.new_witness_variable(|| {
                 Ok(match witness {
-                    None => E::ScalarField::from(1u32),
+                    None => F::from(1u32),
                     Some(w) => match wire_mapping {
                         Some(m) => w[m[i + self.r1cs.num_inputs]],
                         None => w[i + self.r1cs.num_inputs],
@@ -65,12 +63,10 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
                 Variable::Witness(index - self.r1cs.num_inputs)
             }
         };
-        let make_lc = |lc_data: &[(usize, E::ScalarField)]| {
+        let make_lc = |lc_data: &[(usize, F)]| {
             lc_data.iter().fold(
-                LinearCombination::<E::ScalarField>::zero(),
-                |lc: LinearCombination<E::ScalarField>, (index, coeff)| {
-                    lc + (*coeff, make_index(*index))
-                },
+                LinearCombination::<F>::zero(),
+                |lc: LinearCombination<F>, (index, coeff)| lc + (*coeff, make_index(*index)),
             )
         };
 
@@ -90,12 +86,12 @@ impl<E: Pairing> ConstraintSynthesizer<E::ScalarField> for CircomCircuit<E> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::{CircomBuilder, CircomConfig};
-    use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
+    use ark_bn254::Fr;
     use ark_relations::r1cs::ConstraintSystem;
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn satisfied() {
-        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit_js/mycircuit.wasm",
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
         )
diff --git a/src/circom/mod.rs b/src/circom/mod.rs
index 6ad7fd0..080eb2d 100644
--- a/src/circom/mod.rs
+++ b/src/circom/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
-
 pub mod r1cs_reader;
 pub use r1cs_reader::{R1CSFile, R1CS};
 
@@ -12,5 +10,5 @@ pub use builder::{CircomBuilder, CircomConfig};
 mod qap;
 pub use qap::CircomReduction;
 
-pub type Constraints<E> = (ConstraintVec<E>, ConstraintVec<E>, ConstraintVec<E>);
-pub type ConstraintVec<E> = Vec<(usize, <E as Pairing>::ScalarField)>;
+pub type Constraints<F> = (ConstraintVec<F>, ConstraintVec<F>, ConstraintVec<F>);
+pub type ConstraintVec<F> = Vec<(usize, F)>;
diff --git a/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs b/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs
index b5db104..95d3336 100644
--- a/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs
+++ b/src/circom/r1cs_reader.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 //! R1CS circom file reader
 //! Copied from <https://github.com/poma/zkutil>
 //! Spec: <https://github.com/iden3/r1csfile/blob/master/doc/r1cs_bin_format.md>
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt};
 use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
 
-use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, SerializationError, SerializationError::IoError};
+use ark_serialize::{SerializationError, SerializationError::IoError};
 use ark_std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ type IoResult<T> = Result<T, SerializationError>;
 use super::{ConstraintVec, Constraints};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct R1CS<E: Pairing> {
+pub struct R1CS<F> {
     pub num_inputs: usize,
     pub num_aux: usize,
     pub num_variables: usize,
-    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<E>>,
+    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<F>>,
     pub wire_mapping: Option<Vec<usize>>,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> From<R1CSFile<E>> for R1CS<E> {
-    fn from(file: R1CSFile<E>) -> Self {
+impl<F: PrimeField> From<R1CSFile<F>> for R1CS<F> {
+    fn from(file: R1CSFile<F>) -> Self {
         let num_inputs = (1 + file.header.n_pub_in + file.header.n_pub_out) as usize;
         let num_variables = file.header.n_wires as usize;
         let num_aux = num_variables - num_inputs;
@@ -38,20 +38,20 @@ impl<E: Pairing> From<R1CSFile<E>> for R1CS<E> {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct R1CSFile<E: Pairing> {
+pub struct R1CSFile<F: PrimeField> {
     pub version: u32,
     pub header: Header,
-    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<E>>,
+    pub constraints: Vec<Constraints<F>>,
     pub wire_mapping: Vec<u64>,
 }
 
-impl<E: Pairing> R1CSFile<E> {
+impl<F: PrimeField> R1CSFile<F> {
     /// reader must implement the Seek trait, for example with a Cursor
     ///
     /// ```rust,ignore
     /// let reader = BufReader::new(Cursor::new(&data[..]));
     /// ```
-    pub fn new<R: Read + Seek>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<R1CSFile<E>> {
+    pub fn new<R: Read + Seek>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<R1CSFile<F>> {
         let mut magic = [0u8; 4];
         reader.read_exact(&mut magic)?;
         if magic != [0x72, 0x31, 0x63, 0x73] {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl<E: Pairing> R1CSFile<E> {
 
         reader.seek(SeekFrom::Start(*constraint_offset?))?;
 
-        let constraints = read_constraints::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader, &header)?;
+        let constraints = read_constraints::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader, &header)?;
 
         let wire2label_offset = sec_offsets.get(&wire2label_type).ok_or_else(|| {
             Error::new(
@@ -200,29 +200,29 @@ impl Header {
     }
 }
 
-fn read_constraint_vec<R: Read, E: Pairing>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<ConstraintVec<E>> {
+fn read_constraint_vec<R: Read, F: PrimeField>(mut reader: R) -> IoResult<ConstraintVec<F>> {
     let n_vec = reader.read_u32::<LittleEndian>()? as usize;
     let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(n_vec);
     for _ in 0..n_vec {
         vec.push((
             reader.read_u32::<LittleEndian>()? as usize,
-            E::ScalarField::deserialize_uncompressed(&mut reader)?,
+            F::deserialize_uncompressed(&mut reader)?,
         ));
     }
     Ok(vec)
 }
 
-fn read_constraints<R: Read, E: Pairing>(
+fn read_constraints<R: Read, F: PrimeField>(
     mut reader: R,
     header: &Header,
-) -> IoResult<Vec<Constraints<E>>> {
+) -> IoResult<Vec<Constraints<F>>> {
     // todo check section size
     let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(header.n_constraints as usize);
     for _ in 0..header.n_constraints {
         vec.push((
-            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader)?,
-            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader)?,
-            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, E>(&mut reader)?,
+            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader)?,
+            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader)?,
+            read_constraint_vec::<&mut R, F>(&mut reader)?,
         ));
     }
     Ok(vec)
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn read_map<R: Read>(mut reader: R, size: u64, header: &Header) -> IoResult<Vec<
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
+    use ark_bn254::Fr;
     use ark_std::io::{BufReader, Cursor};
 
     #[test]
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         let reader = BufReader::new(Cursor::new(&data[..]));
-        let file = R1CSFile::<Bn254>::new(reader).unwrap();
+        let file = R1CSFile::<Fr>::new(reader).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(file.version, 1);
 
         assert_eq!(file.header.field_size, 32);
diff --git a/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs b/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs
index 48d2429..e5fca61 100644
--- a/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs
+++ b/src/witness/witness_calculator.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use super::{fnv, SafeMemory, Wasm};
+use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use color_eyre::Result;
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_traits::Zero;
@@ -151,17 +152,16 @@ impl WitnessCalculator {
     }
 
     pub fn calculate_witness_element<
-        E: ark_ec::pairing::Pairing,
+        F: PrimeField,
         I: IntoIterator<Item = (String, Vec<BigInt>)>,
     >(
         &mut self,
         store: &mut Store,
         inputs: I,
         sanity_check: bool,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<E::ScalarField>> {
-        use ark_ff::PrimeField;
+    ) -> Result<Vec<F>> {
+        let modulus = F::MODULUS;
         let witness = self.calculate_witness(store, inputs, sanity_check)?;
-        let modulus = <E::ScalarField as PrimeField>::MODULUS;
 
         // convert it to field elements
         use num_traits::Signed;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl WitnessCalculator {
                 } else {
                     w.to_biguint().unwrap()
                 };
-                E::ScalarField::from(w)
+                F::from(w)
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
diff --git a/src/zkey.rs b/src/zkey.rs
index d44283c..88bebb6 100644
--- a/src/zkey.rs
+++ b/src/zkey.rs
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut file = File::open(path).unwrap();
         let (params, _matrices) = read_zkey(&mut file).unwrap(); // binfile.proving_key().unwrap();
 
-        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+        let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit_js/mycircuit.wasm",
             "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
         )
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ mod tests {
         let s = ark_bn254::Fr::rand(rng);
 
         let full_assignment = wtns
-            .calculate_witness_element::<Bn254, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
+            .calculate_witness_element::<Fr, _>(&mut store, inputs, false)
             .unwrap();
         let proof = Groth16::<Bn254, CircomReduction>::create_proof_with_reduction_and_matrices(
             &params,
diff --git a/tests/groth16.rs b/tests/groth16.rs
index f0bc7fd..494cad8 100644
--- a/tests/groth16.rs
+++ b/tests/groth16.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ type GrothBn = Groth16<Bn254>;
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn groth16_proof() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit_js/mycircuit.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
     )?;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ async fn groth16_proof() -> Result<()> {
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn groth16_proof_wrong_input() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit_js/mycircuit.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
     )
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ async fn groth16_proof_wrong_input() -> Result<()> {
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn groth16_proof_circom() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "test-vectors/circuit2_js/circuit2.wasm",
         "test-vectors/circuit2.r1cs",
     )?;
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ async fn groth16_proof_circom() -> Result<()> {
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn witness_generation_circom() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "test-vectors/circuit2_js/circuit2.wasm",
         "test-vectors/circuit2.r1cs",
     )?;
diff --git a/tests/solidity.rs b/tests/solidity.rs
index 244557b..f22a1bb 100644
--- a/tests/solidity.rs
+++ b/tests/solidity.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use ark_circom::{ethereum, CircomBuilder, CircomConfig};
 use ark_std::rand::thread_rng;
 use color_eyre::Result;
 
-use ark_bn254::Bn254;
+use ark_bn254::{Bn254, Fr};
 use ark_crypto_primitives::snark::SNARK;
 use ark_groth16::Groth16;
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::{convert::TryFrom, sync::Arc};
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn solidity_verifier() -> Result<()> {
-    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Bn254>::new(
+    let cfg = CircomConfig::<Fr>::new(
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit_js/mycircuit.wasm",
         "./test-vectors/mycircuit.r1cs",
     )?;
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ async fn solidity_verifier() -> Result<()> {
 // the ones expected by the abigen'd types. Could we maybe provide a convenience
 // macro for these, given that there's room for implementation error?
 abigen!(Groth16Verifier, "./tests/verifier_artifact.json");
-use groth_16_verifier::{G1Point, G2Point, Proof, VerifyingKey};
 impl From<ethereum::G1> for G1Point {
     fn from(src: ethereum::G1) -> Self {
         Self { x: src.x, y: src.y }