diff --git a/arithmetic/Cargo.toml b/arithmetic/Cargo.toml
index 2082c7f..209450b 100644
--- a/arithmetic/Cargo.toml
+++ b/arithmetic/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ edition = "2021"
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-ark-bls12-381 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = [ "curve" ] }
-ark-ff = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-poly = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-serialize =  { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-std = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
+ark-bls12-381 = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false, features = [ "curve" ] }
+ark-ff = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-poly = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-serialize =  { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-std = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
 displaydoc = { version = "0.2.3", default-features = false }
 rand_chacha = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
 rayon = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false, optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-ark-ec = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
+ark-ec = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
 criterion = "0.4.0"
 
 [features]
diff --git a/arithmetic/src/univariate_polynomial.rs b/arithmetic/src/univariate_polynomial.rs
index cb2b88b..674bac9 100644
--- a/arithmetic/src/univariate_polynomial.rs
+++ b/arithmetic/src/univariate_polynomial.rs
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ pub fn get_uni_domain<F: PrimeField>(
 mod test {
     use super::*;
     use ark_bls12_381::Fr;
-    use ark_ff::{field_new, One};
-    use ark_poly::UVPolynomial;
+    use ark_ff::{MontFp, One};
+    use ark_poly::DenseUVPolynomial;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_build_l_with_suffix() -> Result<(), ArithErrors> {
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ mod test {
 
         {
             let domain = get_uni_domain::<Fr>(3)?;
-            let l = build_l(&[point1, point2, point3], &domain, true)?;
+            let l = build_l::<Fr>(&[point1, point2, point3], &domain, true)?;
 
             // sage: q = 52435875175126190479447740508185965837690552500527637822603658699938581184513
             // sage: P.<x> = PolynomialRing(Zmod(q))
@@ -142,20 +142,16 @@ mod test {
             // 13108968793781547619861935127046491459422638125131909455650914674984645296128*x +
             // 39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888385
             let l0 = DensePolynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888385"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "13108968793781547619861935127046491459422638125131909455650914674984645296128"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888385"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "13108968793781547619861935127046491459422638125131909455650914674984645296128"
                 ),
             ]);
@@ -170,22 +166,16 @@ mod test {
             // 52435875175126190478581454301667552757996485117855702128036095582747240693761*x +
             // 39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888385
             let l1 = DensePolynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888385"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "52435875175126190478581454301667552757996485117855702128036095582747240693761"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "13108968793781547619861935127046491459422638125131909455650914674984645296128"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
-                    "866286206518413079694067382671935694567563117191340490752"
-                ),
+                MontFp!("866286206518413079694067382671935694567563117191340490752"),
             ]);
 
             // ========================
@@ -198,22 +188,16 @@ mod test {
             // 52435875175126190476848881888630726598608350352511830738900969348364559712256*x +
             // 39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888387
             let l2 = DensePolynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888387"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "52435875175126190476848881888630726598608350352511830738900969348364559712256"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "13108968793781547619861935127046491459422638125131909455650914674984645296129"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
-                    "2598858619555239239082202148015807083702689351574021472255"
-                ),
+                MontFp!("2598858619555239239082202148015807083702689351574021472255"),
             ]);
 
             // ========================
@@ -227,15 +211,11 @@ mod test {
             // 3
             let l3 = DensePolynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![
                 Fr::from(3u64),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "52435875175126190475982595682112313518914282969839895044333406231173219221504"
                 ),
                 Fr::one(),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
-                    "3465144826073652318776269530687742778270252468765361963007"
-                ),
+                MontFp!("3465144826073652318776269530687742778270252468765361963007"),
             ]);
 
             assert_eq!(l0, l[0], "l0 not equal");
@@ -298,22 +278,16 @@ mod test {
             // 52435875175126190476848881888630726598608350352511830738900969348364559712256*x +
             // 39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888387
             let l0 = DensePolynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "39326906381344642859585805381139474378267914375395728366952744024953935888387"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "52435875175126190476848881888630726598608350352511830738900969348364559712256"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "13108968793781547619861935127046491459422638125131909455650914674984645296129"
                 ),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
-                    "2598858619555239239082202148015807083702689351574021472255"
-                ),
+                MontFp!("2598858619555239239082202148015807083702689351574021472255"),
             ]);
 
             // ========================
@@ -327,15 +301,11 @@ mod test {
             // 3
             let l1 = DensePolynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![
                 Fr::from(3u64),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
+                MontFp!(
                     "52435875175126190475982595682112313518914282969839895044333406231173219221504"
                 ),
                 Fr::one(),
-                field_new!(
-                    Fr,
-                    "3465144826073652318776269530687742778270252468765361963007"
-                ),
+                MontFp!("3465144826073652318776269530687742778270252468765361963007"),
             ]);
 
             assert_eq!(l0, l[0], "l0 not equal");
diff --git a/arithmetic/src/virtual_polynomial.rs b/arithmetic/src/virtual_polynomial.rs
index f8a185f..3d3e5d4 100644
--- a/arithmetic/src/virtual_polynomial.rs
+++ b/arithmetic/src/virtual_polynomial.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 use crate::{errors::ArithErrors, multilinear_polynomial::random_zero_mle_list, random_mle_list};
 use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use ark_poly::{DenseMultilinearExtension, MultilinearExtension};
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalSerialize, SerializationError, Write};
+use ark_serialize::CanonicalSerialize;
 use ark_std::{
     end_timer,
     rand::{Rng, RngCore},
@@ -546,7 +546,6 @@ mod test {
 
         let mle = DenseMultilinearExtension::from_evaluations_vec(num_var, eval);
 
-        let res = Arc::new(mle);
-        res
+        Arc::new(mle)
     }
 }
diff --git a/hyperplonk/Cargo.toml b/hyperplonk/Cargo.toml
index 439ac35..90a8cda 100644
--- a/hyperplonk/Cargo.toml
+++ b/hyperplonk/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
 arithmetic = { path = "../arithmetic" }
-ark-ec = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-ff = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-poly = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-serialize = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false, features = [ "derive" ] }
-ark-std = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
+ark-ec = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-ff = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-poly = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-serialize = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false, features = [ "derive" ] }
+ark-std = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
 displaydoc = { version = "0.2.3", default-features = false }
 rayon = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false, optional = true }
 subroutines = { path = "../subroutines" }
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ transcript = { path = "../transcript" }
 util = { path = "../util" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-ark-bls12-381 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = [ "curve" ] }
+ark-bls12-381 = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false, features = [ "curve" ] }
 # Benchmarks
 [[bench]]
 name = "hyperplonk-benches"
diff --git a/hyperplonk/benches/bench.rs b/hyperplonk/benches/bench.rs
index 3649fdd..edd85d4 100644
--- a/hyperplonk/benches/bench.rs
+++ b/hyperplonk/benches/bench.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), HyperPlonkErrors> {
 
 fn read_srs() -> Result<MultilinearUniversalParams<Bls12_381>, io::Error> {
     let mut f = File::open("srs.params")?;
-    Ok(MultilinearUniversalParams::<Bls12_381>::deserialize_unchecked(&mut f).unwrap())
+    Ok(MultilinearUniversalParams::<Bls12_381>::deserialize_compressed_unchecked(&mut f).unwrap())
 }
 
 fn write_srs(pcs_srs: &MultilinearUniversalParams<Bls12_381>) {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn bench_vanilla_plonk(
     let mut file = File::create(filename).unwrap();
     for nv in MIN_NUM_VARS..=MAX_NUM_VARS {
         let vanilla_gate = CustomizedGates::vanilla_plonk_gate();
-        bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(&mut file, nv, &vanilla_gate, &pcs_srs)?;
+        bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(&mut file, nv, &vanilla_gate, pcs_srs)?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn bench_jellyfish_plonk(
     let mut file = File::create(filename).unwrap();
     for nv in MIN_NUM_VARS..=MAX_NUM_VARS {
         let jf_gate = CustomizedGates::jellyfish_turbo_plonk_gate();
-        bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(&mut file, nv, &jf_gate, &pcs_srs)?;
+        bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(&mut file, nv, &jf_gate, pcs_srs)?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fn bench_high_degree_plonk(
     let mut file = File::create(filename).unwrap();
     println!("custom gate of degree {}", degree);
     let vanilla_gate = CustomizedGates::mock_gate(2, degree);
-    bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(&mut file, HIGH_DEGREE_TEST_NV, &vanilla_gate, &pcs_srs)?;
+    bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(&mut file, HIGH_DEGREE_TEST_NV, &vanilla_gate, pcs_srs)?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(
         let (_pk, _vk) = <PolyIOP<Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<
             Bls12_381,
             MultilinearKzgPCS<Bls12_381>,
-        >>::preprocess(&index, &pcs_srs)?;
+        >>::preprocess(&index, pcs_srs)?;
     }
     println!(
         "key extraction for {} variables: {} us",
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn bench_mock_circuit_zkp_helper(
     );
     let (pk, vk) =
         <PolyIOP<Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<Bls12_381, MultilinearKzgPCS<Bls12_381>>>::preprocess(
-            &index, &pcs_srs,
+            &index, pcs_srs,
         )?;
     //==========================================================
     // generate a proof
diff --git a/hyperplonk/src/lib.rs b/hyperplonk/src/lib.rs
index 5d4c11c..4044a11 100644
--- a/hyperplonk/src/lib.rs
+++ b/hyperplonk/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 //! Main module for the HyperPlonk SNARK.
 
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use errors::HyperPlonkErrors;
 use subroutines::{pcs::prelude::PolynomialCommitmentScheme, poly_iop::prelude::PermutationCheck};
 use witness::WitnessColumn;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ mod witness;
 /// A HyperPlonk is derived from ZeroChecks and PermutationChecks.
 pub trait HyperPlonkSNARK<E, PCS>: PermutationCheck<E, PCS>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>,
 {
     type Index;
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ where
     /// - The HyperPlonk SNARK proof.
     fn prove(
         pk: &Self::ProvingKey,
-        pub_input: &[E::Fr],
-        witnesses: &[WitnessColumn<E::Fr>],
+        pub_input: &[E::ScalarField],
+        witnesses: &[WitnessColumn<E::ScalarField>],
     ) -> Result<Self::Proof, HyperPlonkErrors>;
 
     /// Verify the HyperPlonk proof.
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ where
     /// - Return a boolean on whether the verification is successful
     fn verify(
         vk: &Self::VerifyingKey,
-        pub_input: &[E::Fr],
+        pub_input: &[E::ScalarField],
         proof: &Self::Proof,
     ) -> Result<bool, HyperPlonkErrors>;
 }
diff --git a/hyperplonk/src/mock.rs b/hyperplonk/src/mock.rs
index d68f2f0..e3af594 100644
--- a/hyperplonk/src/mock.rs
+++ b/hyperplonk/src/mock.rs
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ mod test {
         // generate pk and vks
         let (pk, vk) =
             <PolyIOP<Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<Bls12_381, MultilinearKzgPCS<Bls12_381>>>::preprocess(
-                &index, &pcs_srs,
+                &index, pcs_srs,
             )?;
         // generate a proof and verify
         let proof =
diff --git a/hyperplonk/src/snark.rs b/hyperplonk/src/snark.rs
index c66230f..18d0689 100644
--- a/hyperplonk/src/snark.rs
+++ b/hyperplonk/src/snark.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     HyperPlonkSNARK,
 };
 use arithmetic::{evaluate_opt, gen_eval_point, VPAuxInfo};
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_poly::DenseMultilinearExtension;
 use ark_std::{end_timer, log2, start_timer, One, Zero};
 use rayon::iter::IntoParallelRefIterator;
@@ -29,22 +29,22 @@ use subroutines::{
 };
 use transcript::IOPTranscript;
 
-impl<E, PCS> HyperPlonkSNARK<E, PCS> for PolyIOP<E::Fr>
+impl<E, PCS> HyperPlonkSNARK<E, PCS> for PolyIOP<E::ScalarField>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     // Ideally we want to access polynomial as PCS::Polynomial, instead of instantiating it here.
     // But since PCS::Polynomial can be both univariate or multivariate in our implementation
     // we cannot bound PCS::Polynomial with a property trait bound.
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<
         E,
-        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>,
-        Point = Vec<E::Fr>,
-        Evaluation = E::Fr,
+        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>,
+        Point = Vec<E::ScalarField>,
+        Evaluation = E::ScalarField,
         Commitment = Commitment<E>,
         BatchProof = BatchProof<E, PCS>,
     >,
 {
-    type Index = HyperPlonkIndex<E::Fr>;
+    type Index = HyperPlonkIndex<E::ScalarField>;
     type ProvingKey = HyperPlonkProvingKey<E, PCS>;
     type VerifyingKey = HyperPlonkVerifyingKey<E, PCS>;
     type Proof = HyperPlonkProof<E, Self, PCS>;
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ where
         }
 
         // build selector oracles and commit to it
-        let selector_oracles: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>> = index
+        let selector_oracles: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>> = index
             .selectors
             .iter()
             .map(|s| Arc::new(DenseMultilinearExtension::from(s)))
@@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ where
     /// - 5. deferred batch opening
     fn prove(
         pk: &Self::ProvingKey,
-        pub_input: &[E::Fr],
-        witnesses: &[WitnessColumn<E::Fr>],
+        pub_input: &[E::ScalarField],
+        witnesses: &[WitnessColumn<E::ScalarField>],
     ) -> Result<Self::Proof, HyperPlonkErrors> {
         let start = start_timer!(|| "hyperplonk proving");
-        let mut transcript = IOPTranscript::<E::Fr>::new(b"hyperplonk");
+        let mut transcript = IOPTranscript::<E::ScalarField>::new(b"hyperplonk");
 
         prover_sanity_check(&pk.params, pub_input, witnesses)?;
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ where
         // =======================================================================
         let step = start_timer!(|| "commit witnesses");
 
-        let witness_polys: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>> = witnesses
+        let witness_polys: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>> = witnesses
             .iter()
             .map(|w| Arc::new(DenseMultilinearExtension::from(w)))
             .collect();
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ where
             &witness_polys,
         )?;
 
-        let zero_check_proof = <Self as ZeroCheck<E::Fr>>::prove(&fx, &mut transcript)?;
+        let zero_check_proof = <Self as ZeroCheck<E::ScalarField>>::prove(&fx, &mut transcript)?;
         end_timer!(step);
         // =======================================================================
         // 3. Run permutation check on `\{w_i(x)\}` and `permutation_oracle`, and
@@ -259,12 +259,20 @@ where
         let step = start_timer!(|| "opening and evaluations");
 
         // (perm_check_point[2..n], 0)
-        let perm_check_point_0 = [&[E::Fr::zero()], &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1]].concat();
+        let perm_check_point_0 = [
+            &[E::ScalarField::zero()],
+            &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1],
+        ]
+        .concat();
         // (perm_check_point[2..n], 1)
-        let perm_check_point_1 = [&[E::Fr::one()], &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1]].concat();
+        let perm_check_point_1 =
+            [&[E::ScalarField::one()], &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1]].concat();
         // (1, ..., 1, 0)
-        let prod_final_query_point =
-            [vec![E::Fr::zero()], vec![E::Fr::one(); num_vars - 1]].concat();
+        let prod_final_query_point = [
+            vec![E::ScalarField::zero()],
+            vec![E::ScalarField::one(); num_vars - 1],
+        ]
+        .concat();
 
         // prod(x)'s points
         pcs_acc.insert_poly_and_points(&prod_x, &perm_check_proof.prod_x_comm, perm_check_point);
@@ -319,7 +327,7 @@ where
         //   - pi_poly(r_pi) where r_pi is sampled from transcript
         let r_pi = transcript.get_and_append_challenge_vectors(b"r_pi", ell)?;
         // padded with zeros
-        let r_pi_padded = [r_pi, vec![E::Fr::zero(); num_vars - ell]].concat();
+        let r_pi_padded = [r_pi, vec![E::ScalarField::zero(); num_vars - ell]].concat();
         // Evaluate witness_poly[0] at r_pi||0s which is equal to public_input evaluated
         // at r_pi. Assumes that public_input is a power of 2
         pcs_acc.insert_poly_and_points(&witness_polys[0], &witness_commits[0], &r_pi_padded);
@@ -379,12 +387,12 @@ where
     /// - public input consistency checks
     fn verify(
         vk: &Self::VerifyingKey,
-        pub_input: &[E::Fr],
+        pub_input: &[E::ScalarField],
         proof: &Self::Proof,
     ) -> Result<bool, HyperPlonkErrors> {
         let start = start_timer!(|| "hyperplonk verification");
 
-        let mut transcript = IOPTranscript::<E::Fr>::new(b"hyperplonk");
+        let mut transcript = IOPTranscript::<E::ScalarField>::new(b"hyperplonk");
 
         let num_selectors = vk.params.num_selector_columns();
         let num_witnesses = vk.params.num_witness_columns();
@@ -429,7 +437,7 @@ where
         // =======================================================================
         let step = start_timer!(|| "verify zero check");
         // Zero check and perm check have different AuxInfo
-        let zero_check_aux_info = VPAuxInfo::<E::Fr> {
+        let zero_check_aux_info = VPAuxInfo::<E::ScalarField> {
             max_degree: vk.params.gate_func.degree(),
             num_variables: num_vars,
             phantom: PhantomData::default(),
@@ -439,7 +447,7 @@ where
             transcript.append_serializable_element(b"w", w_com)?;
         }
 
-        let zero_check_sub_claim = <Self as ZeroCheck<E::Fr>>::verify(
+        let zero_check_sub_claim = <Self as ZeroCheck<E::ScalarField>>::verify(
             &proof.zero_check_proof,
             &zero_check_aux_info,
             &mut transcript,
@@ -462,7 +470,7 @@ where
         let step = start_timer!(|| "verify permutation check");
 
         // Zero check and perm check have different AuxInfo
-        let perm_check_aux_info = VPAuxInfo::<E::Fr> {
+        let perm_check_aux_info = VPAuxInfo::<E::ScalarField> {
             // Prod(x) has a max degree of witnesses.len() + 1
             max_degree: proof.witness_commits.len() + 1,
             num_variables: num_vars,
@@ -522,10 +530,18 @@ where
         let mut comms = vec![];
         let mut points = vec![];
 
-        let perm_check_point_0 = [&[E::Fr::zero()], &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1]].concat();
-        let perm_check_point_1 = [&[E::Fr::one()], &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1]].concat();
-        let prod_final_query_point =
-            [vec![E::Fr::zero()], vec![E::Fr::one(); num_vars - 1]].concat();
+        let perm_check_point_0 = [
+            &[E::ScalarField::zero()],
+            &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1],
+        ]
+        .concat();
+        let perm_check_point_1 =
+            [&[E::ScalarField::one()], &perm_check_point[0..num_vars - 1]].concat();
+        let prod_final_query_point = [
+            vec![E::ScalarField::zero()],
+            vec![E::ScalarField::one(); num_vars - 1],
+        ]
+        .concat();
 
         // prod(x)'s points
         comms.push(proof.perm_check_proof.prod_x_comm);
@@ -581,7 +597,7 @@ where
                 pi_eval, expect_pi_eval,
             )));
         }
-        let r_pi_padded = [r_pi, vec![E::Fr::zero(); num_vars - ell]].concat();
+        let r_pi_padded = [r_pi, vec![E::ScalarField::zero(); num_vars - ell]].concat();
 
         comms.push(proof.witness_commits[0]);
         points.push(r_pi_padded);
@@ -638,7 +654,7 @@ mod tests {
         test_hyperplonk_helper::<Bls12_381>(gates)
     }
 
-    fn test_hyperplonk_helper<E: PairingEngine>(
+    fn test_hyperplonk_helper<E: Pairing>(
         gate_func: CustomizedGates,
     ) -> Result<(), HyperPlonkErrors> {
         let mut rng = test_rng();
@@ -656,7 +672,12 @@ mod tests {
             gate_func,
         };
         let permutation = identity_permutation(nv, num_witnesses);
-        let q1 = SelectorColumn(vec![E::Fr::one(), E::Fr::one(), E::Fr::one(), E::Fr::one()]);
+        let q1 = SelectorColumn(vec![
+            E::ScalarField::one(),
+            E::ScalarField::one(),
+            E::ScalarField::one(),
+            E::ScalarField::one(),
+        ]);
         let index = HyperPlonkIndex {
             params,
             permutation,
@@ -664,58 +685,59 @@ mod tests {
         };
 
         // generate pk and vks
-        let (pk, vk) = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::preprocess(
-            &index, &pcs_srs,
-        )?;
+        let (pk, vk) =
+            <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::preprocess(
+                &index, &pcs_srs,
+            )?;
 
         // w1 := [0, 1, 2, 3]
         let w1 = WitnessColumn(vec![
-            E::Fr::zero(),
-            E::Fr::one(),
-            E::Fr::from(2u128),
-            E::Fr::from(3u128),
+            E::ScalarField::zero(),
+            E::ScalarField::one(),
+            E::ScalarField::from(2u128),
+            E::ScalarField::from(3u128),
         ]);
         // w2 := [0^5, 1^5, 2^5, 3^5]
         let w2 = WitnessColumn(vec![
-            E::Fr::zero(),
-            E::Fr::one(),
-            E::Fr::from(32u128),
-            E::Fr::from(243u128),
+            E::ScalarField::zero(),
+            E::ScalarField::one(),
+            E::ScalarField::from(32u128),
+            E::ScalarField::from(243u128),
         ]);
         // public input = w1
         let pi = w1.clone();
 
         // generate a proof and verify
-        let proof = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::prove(
+        let proof = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::prove(
             &pk,
             &pi.0,
             &[w1.clone(), w2.clone()],
         )?;
 
-        let _verify = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::verify(
-            &vk, &pi.0, &proof,
-        )?;
+        let _verify =
+            <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::verify(
+                &vk, &pi.0, &proof,
+            )?;
 
         // bad path 1: wrong permutation
-        let rand_perm: Vec<E::Fr> = random_permutation(nv, num_witnesses, &mut rng);
-        let mut bad_index = index.clone();
+        let rand_perm: Vec<E::ScalarField> = random_permutation(nv, num_witnesses, &mut rng);
+        let mut bad_index = index;
         bad_index.permutation = rand_perm;
         // generate pk and vks
-        let (_, bad_vk) = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::preprocess(
-            &bad_index, &pcs_srs,
-        )?;
-        assert_eq!(
-            <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::verify(
-                &bad_vk, &pi.0, &proof,
-            )?,
-            false
-        );
+        let (_, bad_vk) =
+            <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::preprocess(
+                &bad_index, &pcs_srs,
+            )?;
+        assert!(!<PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as HyperPlonkSNARK<
+            E,
+            MultilinearKzgPCS<E>,
+        >>::verify(&bad_vk, &pi.0, &proof,)?);
 
         // bad path 2: wrong witness
-        let mut w1_bad = w1.clone();
-        w1_bad.0[0] = E::Fr::one();
+        let mut w1_bad = w1;
+        w1_bad.0[0] = E::ScalarField::one();
         assert!(
-            <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::prove(
+            <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as HyperPlonkSNARK<E, MultilinearKzgPCS<E>>>::prove(
                 &pk,
                 &pi.0,
                 &[w1_bad, w2],
diff --git a/hyperplonk/src/structs.rs b/hyperplonk/src/structs.rs
index 91496e0..76f9c71 100644
--- a/hyperplonk/src/structs.rs
+++ b/hyperplonk/src/structs.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 //! Main module for the HyperPlonk PolyIOP.
 
 use crate::{custom_gate::CustomizedGates, prelude::HyperPlonkErrors, selectors::SelectorColumn};
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use ark_poly::DenseMultilinearExtension;
 use ark_std::log2;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use subroutines::{
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct HyperPlonkProof<E, PC, PCS>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PC: PermutationCheck<E, PCS>,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>,
 {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ where
     // IOP proofs
     // =======================================================================
     // the custom gate zerocheck proof
-    pub zero_check_proof: <PC as ZeroCheck<E::Fr>>::ZeroCheckProof,
+    pub zero_check_proof: <PC as ZeroCheck<E::ScalarField>>::ZeroCheckProof,
     // the permutation check proof for copy constraints
     pub perm_check_proof: PC::PermutationProof,
 }
@@ -128,13 +128,13 @@ impl<F: PrimeField> HyperPlonkIndex<F> {
 ///   - the commitment to the selectors and permutations
 ///   - the parameters for polynomial commitment
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct HyperPlonkProvingKey<E: PairingEngine, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> {
+pub struct HyperPlonkProvingKey<E: Pairing, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> {
     /// Hyperplonk instance parameters
     pub params: HyperPlonkParams,
     /// The preprocessed permutation polynomials
-    pub permutation_oracles: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>>,
+    pub permutation_oracles: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>>,
     /// The preprocessed selector polynomials
-    pub selector_oracles: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>>,
+    pub selector_oracles: Vec<Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>>,
     /// Commitments to the preprocessed selector polynomials
     pub selector_commitments: Vec<PCS::Commitment>,
     /// Commitments to the preprocessed permutation polynomials
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ pub struct HyperPlonkProvingKey<E: PairingEngine, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentSchem
 ///   - the commitments to the preprocessed polynomials output by the indexer
 ///   - the parameters for polynomial commitment
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct HyperPlonkVerifyingKey<E: PairingEngine, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> {
+pub struct HyperPlonkVerifyingKey<E: Pairing, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> {
     /// Hyperplonk instance parameters
     pub params: HyperPlonkParams,
     /// The parameters for PCS commitment
diff --git a/hyperplonk/src/utils.rs b/hyperplonk/src/utils.rs
index 92901a6..4853c97 100644
--- a/hyperplonk/src/utils.rs
+++ b/hyperplonk/src/utils.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     witness::WitnessColumn,
 };
 use arithmetic::{evaluate_opt, VirtualPolynomial};
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use ark_poly::DenseMultilinearExtension;
 use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc};
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use transcript::IOPTranscript;
 /// An accumulator structure that holds a polynomial and
 /// its opening points
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(super) struct PcsAccumulator<E: PairingEngine, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> {
+pub(super) struct PcsAccumulator<E: Pairing, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>> {
     // sequence:
     // - prod(x) at 5 points
     // - w_merged at perm check point
@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ pub(super) struct PcsAccumulator<E: PairingEngine, PCS: PolynomialCommitmentSche
 
 impl<E, PCS> PcsAccumulator<E, PCS>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<
         E,
-        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>,
-        Point = Vec<E::Fr>,
-        Evaluation = E::Fr,
+        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>,
+        Point = Vec<E::ScalarField>,
+        Evaluation = E::ScalarField,
         Commitment = Commitment<E>,
     >,
 {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ where
     pub(super) fn multi_open(
         &self,
         prover_param: impl Borrow<PCS::ProverParam>,
-        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<PCS::BatchProof, HyperPlonkErrors> {
         Ok(PCS::multi_open(
             prover_param.borrow(),
diff --git a/subroutines/Cargo.toml b/subroutines/Cargo.toml
index 83acd50..354af27 100644
--- a/subroutines/Cargo.toml
+++ b/subroutines/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
 arithmetic = { path = "../arithmetic" }
-ark-bls12-381 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = [ "curve" ] }
-ark-ec = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-ff = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-poly = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-serialize =  { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-std = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
+ark-bls12-381 = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false, features = [ "curve" ] }
+ark-ec = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-ff = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-poly = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-serialize =  { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-std = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
 derivative = { version = "2", features = ["use_core"] }
 displaydoc = { version = "0.2.3", default-features = false }
 itertools = { version = "0.10.4", optional = true }
diff --git a/subroutines/benches/iop_bench.rs b/subroutines/benches/iop_bench.rs
index 6b024b8..a5766fb 100644
--- a/subroutines/benches/iop_bench.rs
+++ b/subroutines/benches/iop_bench.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use subroutines::{
     },
 };
 
-type KZG = MultilinearKzgPCS<Bls12_381>;
+type Kzg = MultilinearKzgPCS<Bls12_381>;
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors> {
     bench_permutation_check()?;
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ fn bench_permutation_check() -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors> {
     let mut rng = test_rng();
 
     for nv in 4..20 {
-        let srs = KZG::gen_srs_for_testing(&mut rng, nv + 1)?;
-        let (pcs_param, _) = KZG::trim(&srs, None, Some(nv + 1))?;
+        let srs = Kzg::gen_srs_for_testing(&mut rng, nv + 1)?;
+        let (pcs_param, _) = Kzg::trim(&srs, None, Some(nv + 1))?;
 
         let repetition = if nv < 10 {
             100
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ fn bench_permutation_check() -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors> {
             {
                 let start = Instant::now();
                 let mut transcript =
-                    <PolyIOP<Fr> as PermutationCheck<Bls12_381, KZG>>::init_transcript();
+                    <PolyIOP<Fr> as PermutationCheck<Bls12_381, Kzg>>::init_transcript();
                 transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
 
                 let (proof, _q_x, _frac_poly) = <PolyIOP<Fr> as PermutationCheck<
                     Bls12_381,
-                    KZG,
+                    Kzg,
                 >>::prove(
                     &pcs_param, &ws, &ws, &perms, &mut transcript
                 )?;
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ fn bench_permutation_check() -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors> {
 
             let start = Instant::now();
             let mut transcript =
-                <PolyIOP<Fr> as PermutationCheck<Bls12_381, KZG>>::init_transcript();
+                <PolyIOP<Fr> as PermutationCheck<Bls12_381, Kzg>>::init_transcript();
             transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
-            let _perm_check_sum_claim = <PolyIOP<Fr> as PermutationCheck<Bls12_381, KZG>>::verify(
+            let _perm_check_sum_claim = <PolyIOP<Fr> as PermutationCheck<Bls12_381, Kzg>>::verify(
                 &proof,
                 &poly_info,
                 &mut transcript,
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ fn bench_prod_check() -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors> {
     let mut rng = test_rng();
 
     for nv in 4..20 {
-        let srs = KZG::gen_srs_for_testing(&mut rng, nv + 1)?;
-        let (pcs_param, _) = KZG::trim(&srs, None, Some(nv + 1))?;
+        let srs = Kzg::gen_srs_for_testing(&mut rng, nv + 1)?;
+        let (pcs_param, _) = Kzg::trim(&srs, None, Some(nv + 1))?;
 
         let repetition = if nv < 10 {
             100
@@ -229,11 +229,11 @@ fn bench_prod_check() -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors> {
 
         let proof = {
             let start = Instant::now();
-            let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, KZG>>::init_transcript();
+            let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, Kzg>>::init_transcript();
             transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
 
             let (proof, _prod_x, _frac_poly) =
-                <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, KZG>>::prove(
+                <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, Kzg>>::prove(
                     &pcs_param,
                     &fs,
                     &gs,
@@ -256,9 +256,9 @@ fn bench_prod_check() -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors> {
             };
 
             let start = Instant::now();
-            let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, KZG>>::init_transcript();
+            let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, Kzg>>::init_transcript();
             transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
-            let _perm_check_sum_claim = <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, KZG>>::verify(
+            let _perm_check_sum_claim = <PolyIOP<Fr> as ProductCheck<Bls12_381, Kzg>>::verify(
                 &proof,
                 &poly_info,
                 &mut transcript,
diff --git a/subroutines/src/pcs/mod.rs b/subroutines/src/pcs/mod.rs
index deac59e..acbcac9 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/pcs/mod.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/pcs/mod.rs
@@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ mod univariate_kzg;
 
 pub mod prelude;
 
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_ff::Field;
 use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize};
-use ark_std::rand::{CryptoRng, RngCore};
+use ark_std::rand::Rng;
 use errors::PCSError;
 use std::{borrow::Borrow, fmt::Debug, hash::Hash};
 use transcript::IOPTranscript;
 
 /// This trait defines APIs for polynomial commitment schemes.
 /// Note that for our usage of PCS, we do not require the hiding property.
-pub trait PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub trait PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E: Pairing> {
     /// Prover parameters
     type ProverParam: Clone + Sync;
     /// Verifier parameters
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub trait PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E: PairingEngine> {
     ///
     /// WARNING: THIS FUNCTION IS FOR TESTING PURPOSE ONLY.
     /// THE OUTPUT SRS SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PRODUCTION.
-    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
+    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: Rng>(
         rng: &mut R,
         supported_size: usize,
     ) -> Result<Self::SRS, PCSError>;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub trait PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E: PairingEngine> {
         _polynomials: &[Self::Polynomial],
         _points: &[Self::Point],
         _evals: &[Self::Evaluation],
-        _transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        _transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<Self::BatchProof, PCSError> {
         // the reason we use unimplemented!() is to enable developers to implement the
         // trait without always implementing the batching APIs.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub trait PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E: PairingEngine> {
         verifier_param: &Self::VerifierParam,
         commitment: &Self::Commitment,
         point: &Self::Point,
-        value: &E::Fr,
+        value: &E::ScalarField,
         proof: &Self::Proof,
     ) -> Result<bool, PCSError>;
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub trait PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E: PairingEngine> {
         _commitments: &[Self::Commitment],
         _points: &[Self::Point],
         _batch_proof: &Self::BatchProof,
-        _transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        _transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<bool, PCSError> {
         // the reason we use unimplemented!() is to enable developers to implement the
         // trait without always implementing the batching APIs.
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ pub trait PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E: PairingEngine> {
 }
 
 /// API definitions for structured reference string
-pub trait StructuredReferenceString<E: PairingEngine>: Sized {
+pub trait StructuredReferenceString<E: Pairing>: Sized {
     /// Prover parameters
     type ProverParam;
     /// Verifier parameters
@@ -165,8 +165,5 @@ pub trait StructuredReferenceString<E: PairingEngine>: Sized {
     ///
     /// WARNING: THIS FUNCTION IS FOR TESTING PURPOSE ONLY.
     /// THE OUTPUT SRS SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PRODUCTION.
-    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
-        rng: &mut R,
-        supported_size: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self, PCSError>;
+    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, supported_size: usize) -> Result<Self, PCSError>;
 }
diff --git a/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/batching.rs b/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/batching.rs
index f511ade..9a54a46 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/batching.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/batching.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ use crate::{
     IOPProof,
 };
 use arithmetic::{build_eq_x_r_vec, DenseMultilinearExtension, VPAuxInfo, VirtualPolynomial};
-use ark_ec::{msm::VariableBaseMSM, PairingEngine, ProjectiveCurve};
-use ark_ff::PrimeField;
+use ark_ec::{pairing::Pairing, scalar_mul::variable_base::VariableBaseMSM, CurveGroup};
+
 use ark_std::{end_timer, log2, start_timer, One, Zero};
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, iter, marker::PhantomData, ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
 use transcript::IOPTranscript;
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ use transcript::IOPTranscript;
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct BatchProof<E, PCS>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>,
 {
     /// A sum check proof proving tilde g's sum
-    pub(crate) sum_check_proof: IOPProof<E::Fr>,
+    pub(crate) sum_check_proof: IOPProof<E::ScalarField>,
     /// f_i(point_i)
-    pub f_i_eval_at_point_i: Vec<E::Fr>,
+    pub f_i_eval_at_point_i: Vec<E::ScalarField>,
     /// proof for g'(a_2)
     pub(crate) g_prime_proof: PCS::Proof,
 }
@@ -53,15 +53,15 @@ pub(crate) fn multi_open_internal<E, PCS>(
     polynomials: &[PCS::Polynomial],
     points: &[PCS::Point],
     evals: &[PCS::Evaluation],
-    transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+    transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
 ) -> Result<BatchProof<E, PCS>, PCSError>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<
         E,
-        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>,
-        Point = Vec<E::Fr>,
-        Evaluation = E::Fr,
+        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>,
+        Point = Vec<E::ScalarField>,
+        Evaluation = E::ScalarField,
     >,
 {
     let open_timer = start_timer!(|| format!("multi open {} points", points.len()));
@@ -127,11 +127,14 @@ where
     let step = start_timer!(|| "add mle");
     let mut sum_check_vp = VirtualPolynomial::new(num_var);
     for (merged_tilde_g, tilde_eq) in merged_tilde_gs.iter().zip(tilde_eqs.into_iter()) {
-        sum_check_vp.add_mle_list([merged_tilde_g.clone(), tilde_eq], E::Fr::one())?;
+        sum_check_vp.add_mle_list([merged_tilde_g.clone(), tilde_eq], E::ScalarField::one())?;
     }
     end_timer!(step);
 
-    let proof = match <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as SumCheck<E::Fr>>::prove(&sum_check_vp, transcript) {
+    let proof = match <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as SumCheck<E::ScalarField>>::prove(
+        &sum_check_vp,
+        transcript,
+    ) {
         Ok(p) => p,
         Err(_e) => {
             // cannot wrap IOPError with PCSError due to cyclic dependency
@@ -182,15 +185,15 @@ pub(crate) fn batch_verify_internal<E, PCS>(
     f_i_commitments: &[Commitment<E>],
     points: &[PCS::Point],
     proof: &BatchProof<E, PCS>,
-    transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+    transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
 ) -> Result<bool, PCSError>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<
         E,
-        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>,
-        Point = Vec<E::Fr>,
-        Evaluation = E::Fr,
+        Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>,
+        Point = Vec<E::ScalarField>,
+        Evaluation = E::ScalarField,
         Commitment = Commitment<E>,
     >,
 {
@@ -217,14 +220,14 @@ where
 
     for (i, point) in points.iter().enumerate() {
         let eq_i_a2 = eq_eval(a2, point)?;
-        scalars.push((eq_i_a2 * eq_t_list[i]).into_repr());
+        scalars.push(eq_i_a2 * eq_t_list[i]);
         bases.push(f_i_commitments[i].0);
     }
-    let g_prime_commit = VariableBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(&bases, &scalars);
+    let g_prime_commit = E::G1::msm_unchecked(&bases, &scalars);
     end_timer!(step);
 
     // ensure \sum_i eq(t, <i>) * f_i_evals matches the sum via SumCheck
-    let mut sum = E::Fr::zero();
+    let mut sum = E::ScalarField::zero();
     for (i, &e) in eq_t_list.iter().enumerate().take(k) {
         sum += e * proof.f_i_eval_at_point_i[i];
     }
@@ -233,7 +236,7 @@ where
         num_variables: num_var,
         phantom: PhantomData,
     };
-    let subclaim = match <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as SumCheck<E::Fr>>::verify(
+    let subclaim = match <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as SumCheck<E::ScalarField>>::verify(
         sum,
         &proof.sum_check_proof,
         &aux_info,
@@ -271,18 +274,13 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use arithmetic::get_batched_nv;
     use ark_bls12_381::Bls12_381 as E;
-    use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+    use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
     use ark_poly::{DenseMultilinearExtension, MultilinearExtension};
-    use ark_std::{
-        rand::{CryptoRng, RngCore},
-        test_rng,
-        vec::Vec,
-        UniformRand,
-    };
+    use ark_std::{rand::Rng, test_rng, vec::Vec, UniformRand};
 
-    type Fr = <E as PairingEngine>::Fr;
+    type Fr = <E as Pairing>::ScalarField;
 
-    fn test_multi_open_helper<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
+    fn test_multi_open_helper<R: Rng>(
         ml_params: &MultilinearUniversalParams<E>,
         polys: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<Fr>>],
         rng: &mut R,
diff --git a/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/mod.rs b/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/mod.rs
index c724f0c..47f2f05 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/mod.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/mod.rs
@@ -16,24 +16,18 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use arithmetic::evaluate_opt;
 use ark_ec::{
-    msm::{FixedBaseMSM, VariableBaseMSM},
-    AffineCurve, PairingEngine, ProjectiveCurve,
+    pairing::Pairing,
+    scalar_mul::{fixed_base::FixedBase, variable_base::VariableBaseMSM},
+    AffineRepr, CurveGroup,
 };
 use ark_ff::PrimeField;
 use ark_poly::{DenseMultilinearExtension, MultilinearExtension};
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize, Read, SerializationError, Write};
+use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize};
 use ark_std::{
-    borrow::Borrow,
-    end_timer, format,
-    marker::PhantomData,
-    rand::{CryptoRng, RngCore},
-    start_timer,
-    string::ToString,
-    sync::Arc,
-    vec,
-    vec::Vec,
-    One, Zero,
+    borrow::Borrow, end_timer, format, marker::PhantomData, rand::Rng, start_timer,
+    string::ToString, sync::Arc, vec, vec::Vec, One, Zero,
 };
+use std::ops::Mul;
 // use batching::{batch_verify_internal, multi_open_internal};
 use srs::{MultilinearProverParam, MultilinearUniversalParams, MultilinearVerifierParam};
 use transcript::IOPTranscript;
@@ -41,27 +35,27 @@ use transcript::IOPTranscript;
 use self::batching::{batch_verify_internal, multi_open_internal};
 
 /// KZG Polynomial Commitment Scheme on multilinear polynomials.
-pub struct MultilinearKzgPCS<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct MultilinearKzgPCS<E: Pairing> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     phantom: PhantomData<E>,
 }
 
 #[derive(CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 /// proof of opening
-pub struct MultilinearKzgProof<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct MultilinearKzgProof<E: Pairing> {
     /// Evaluation of quotients
     pub proofs: Vec<E::G1Affine>,
 }
 
-impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
+impl<E: Pairing> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
     // Parameters
     type ProverParam = MultilinearProverParam<E>;
     type VerifierParam = MultilinearVerifierParam<E>;
     type SRS = MultilinearUniversalParams<E>;
     // Polynomial and its associated types
-    type Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>;
-    type Point = Vec<E::Fr>;
-    type Evaluation = E::Fr;
+    type Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>;
+    type Point = Vec<E::ScalarField>;
+    type Evaluation = E::ScalarField;
     // Commitments and proofs
     type Commitment = Commitment<E>;
     type Proof = MultilinearKzgProof<E>;
@@ -74,10 +68,7 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
     ///
     /// WARNING: THIS FUNCTION IS FOR TESTING PURPOSE ONLY.
     /// THE OUTPUT SRS SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PRODUCTION.
-    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
-        rng: &mut R,
-        log_size: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self::SRS, PCSError> {
+    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, log_size: usize) -> Result<Self::SRS, PCSError> {
         MultilinearUniversalParams::<E>::gen_srs_for_testing(rng, log_size)
     }
 
@@ -121,20 +112,14 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
             )));
         }
         let ignored = prover_param.num_vars - poly.num_vars;
-        let scalars: Vec<_> = poly
-            .to_evaluations()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|x| x.into_repr())
-            .collect();
+        let scalars: Vec<_> = poly.to_evaluations();
         let msm_timer = start_timer!(|| format!(
             "msm of size {}",
             prover_param.powers_of_g[ignored].evals.len()
         ));
-        let commitment = VariableBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(
-            &prover_param.powers_of_g[ignored].evals,
-            scalars.as_slice(),
-        )
-        .into_affine();
+        let commitment =
+            E::G1::msm_unchecked(&prover_param.powers_of_g[ignored].evals, scalars.as_slice())
+                .into_affine();
         end_timer!(msm_timer);
 
         end_timer!(commit_timer);
@@ -165,7 +150,7 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
         polynomials: &[Self::Polynomial],
         points: &[Self::Point],
         evals: &[Self::Evaluation],
-        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<BatchProof<E, Self>, PCSError> {
         multi_open_internal(
             prover_param.borrow(),
@@ -186,7 +171,7 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
         verifier_param: &Self::VerifierParam,
         commitment: &Self::Commitment,
         point: &Self::Point,
-        value: &E::Fr,
+        value: &E::ScalarField,
         proof: &Self::Proof,
     ) -> Result<bool, PCSError> {
         verify_internal(verifier_param, commitment, point, value, proof)
@@ -199,7 +184,7 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
         commitments: &[Self::Commitment],
         points: &[Self::Point],
         batch_proof: &Self::BatchProof,
-        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<bool, PCSError> {
         batch_verify_internal(verifier_param, commitments, points, batch_proof, transcript)
     }
@@ -213,11 +198,11 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for MultilinearKzgPCS<E> {
 /// G1:
 /// - it proceeds with `num_var` number of rounds,
 /// - at round i, we compute an MSM for `2^{num_var - i}` number of G1 elements.
-fn open_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
+fn open_internal<E: Pairing>(
     prover_param: &MultilinearProverParam<E>,
-    polynomial: &DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>,
-    point: &[E::Fr],
-) -> Result<(MultilinearKzgProof<E>, E::Fr), PCSError> {
+    polynomial: &DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>,
+    point: &[E::ScalarField],
+) -> Result<(MultilinearKzgProof<E>, E::ScalarField), PCSError> {
     let open_timer = start_timer!(|| format!("open mle with {} variable", polynomial.num_vars));
 
     if polynomial.num_vars() > prover_param.num_vars {
@@ -251,8 +236,8 @@ fn open_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
 
         let k = nv - 1 - i;
         let cur_dim = 1 << k;
-        let mut q = vec![E::Fr::zero(); cur_dim];
-        let mut r = vec![E::Fr::zero(); cur_dim];
+        let mut q = vec![E::ScalarField::zero(); cur_dim];
+        let mut r = vec![E::ScalarField::zero(); cur_dim];
 
         let ith_round_eval = start_timer!(|| format!("{}-th round eval", i));
         for b in 0..(1 << k) {
@@ -264,12 +249,11 @@ fn open_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
         }
         f = r;
         end_timer!(ith_round_eval);
-        let scalars: Vec<_> = q.iter().map(|x| x.into_repr()).collect();
 
         // this is a MSM over G1 and is likely to be the bottleneck
         let msm_timer = start_timer!(|| format!("msm of size {} at round {}", gi.evals.len(), i));
 
-        proofs.push(VariableBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(&gi.evals, &scalars).into_affine());
+        proofs.push(E::G1::msm_unchecked(&gi.evals, &q).into_affine());
         end_timer!(msm_timer);
 
         end_timer!(ith_round);
@@ -285,11 +269,11 @@ fn open_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
 /// This function takes
 /// - num_var number of pairing product.
 /// - num_var number of MSM
-fn verify_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
+fn verify_internal<E: Pairing>(
     verifier_param: &MultilinearVerifierParam<E>,
     commitment: &Commitment<E>,
-    point: &[E::Fr],
-    value: &E::Fr,
+    point: &[E::ScalarField],
+    value: &E::ScalarField,
     proof: &MultilinearKzgProof<E>,
 ) -> Result<bool, PCSError> {
     let verify_timer = start_timer!(|| "verify");
@@ -304,22 +288,18 @@ fn verify_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
 
     let prepare_inputs_timer = start_timer!(|| "prepare pairing inputs");
 
-    let scalar_size = E::Fr::size_in_bits();
-    let window_size = FixedBaseMSM::get_mul_window_size(num_var);
+    let scalar_size = E::ScalarField::MODULUS_BIT_SIZE as usize;
+    let window_size = FixedBase::get_mul_window_size(num_var);
 
-    let h_table = FixedBaseMSM::get_window_table(
-        scalar_size,
-        window_size,
-        verifier_param.h.into_projective(),
-    );
-    let h_mul: Vec<E::G2Projective> =
-        FixedBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(scalar_size, window_size, &h_table, point);
+    let h_table =
+        FixedBase::get_window_table(scalar_size, window_size, verifier_param.h.into_group());
+    let h_mul: Vec<E::G2> = FixedBase::msm(scalar_size, window_size, &h_table, point);
 
     let ignored = verifier_param.num_vars - num_var;
     let h_vec: Vec<_> = (0..num_var)
-        .map(|i| verifier_param.h_mask[ignored + i].into_projective() - h_mul[i])
+        .map(|i| verifier_param.h_mask[ignored + i].into_group() - h_mul[i])
         .collect();
-    let h_vec: Vec<E::G2Affine> = E::G2Projective::batch_normalization_into_affine(&h_vec);
+    let h_vec: Vec<E::G2Affine> = E::G2::normalize_batch(&h_vec);
     end_timer!(prepare_inputs_timer);
 
     let pairing_product_timer = start_timer!(|| "pairing product");
@@ -333,12 +313,15 @@ fn verify_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
 
     pairings.push((
         E::G1Prepared::from(
-            (verifier_param.g.mul(*value) - commitment.0.into_projective()).into_affine(),
+            (verifier_param.g.mul(*value) - commitment.0.into_group()).into_affine(),
         ),
         E::G2Prepared::from(verifier_param.h),
     ));
 
-    let res = E::product_of_pairings(pairings.iter()) == E::Fqk::one();
+    let ps = pairings.iter().map(|(p, _)| p.clone());
+    let hs = pairings.iter().map(|(_, h)| h.clone());
+
+    let res = E::multi_pairing(ps, hs) == ark_ec::pairing::PairingOutput(E::TargetField::one());
 
     end_timer!(pairing_product_timer);
     end_timer!(verify_timer);
@@ -349,14 +332,14 @@ fn verify_internal<E: PairingEngine>(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use ark_bls12_381::Bls12_381;
-    use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+    use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
     use ark_poly::{DenseMultilinearExtension, MultilinearExtension};
-    use ark_std::{rand::RngCore, test_rng, vec::Vec, UniformRand};
+    use ark_std::{test_rng, vec::Vec, UniformRand};
 
     type E = Bls12_381;
-    type Fr = <E as PairingEngine>::Fr;
+    type Fr = <E as Pairing>::ScalarField;
 
-    fn test_single_helper<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
+    fn test_single_helper<R: Rng>(
         params: &MultilinearUniversalParams<E>,
         poly: &Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<Fr>>,
         rng: &mut R,
diff --git a/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/srs.rs b/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/srs.rs
index e6829a1..91687ca 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/srs.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/pcs/multilinear_kzg/srs.rs
@@ -10,31 +10,26 @@ use crate::pcs::{
     prelude::PCSError,
     StructuredReferenceString,
 };
-use ark_ec::{msm::FixedBaseMSM, AffineCurve, PairingEngine, ProjectiveCurve};
+use ark_ec::{pairing::Pairing, scalar_mul::fixed_base::FixedBase, AffineRepr, CurveGroup};
 use ark_ff::{Field, PrimeField, Zero};
 use ark_poly::DenseMultilinearExtension;
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize, Read, SerializationError, Write};
+use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize};
 use ark_std::{
-    collections::LinkedList,
-    end_timer, format,
-    rand::{CryptoRng, RngCore},
-    start_timer,
-    string::ToString,
-    vec::Vec,
+    collections::LinkedList, end_timer, format, rand::Rng, start_timer, string::ToString, vec::Vec,
     UniformRand,
 };
 use core::iter::FromIterator;
 
 /// Evaluations over {0,1}^n for G1 or G2
 #[derive(CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct Evaluations<C: AffineCurve> {
+pub struct Evaluations<C: AffineRepr> {
     /// The evaluations.
     pub evals: Vec<C>,
 }
 
 /// Universal Parameter
 #[derive(CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct MultilinearUniversalParams<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct MultilinearUniversalParams<E: Pairing> {
     /// prover parameters
     pub prover_param: MultilinearProverParam<E>,
     /// h^randomness: h^t1, h^t2, ..., **h^{t_nv}**
@@ -43,7 +38,7 @@ pub struct MultilinearUniversalParams<E: PairingEngine> {
 
 /// Prover Parameters
 #[derive(CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct MultilinearProverParam<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct MultilinearProverParam<E: Pairing> {
     /// number of variables
     pub num_vars: usize,
     /// `pp_{0}`, `pp_{1}`, ...,pp_{nu_vars} defined
@@ -58,7 +53,7 @@ pub struct MultilinearProverParam<E: PairingEngine> {
 
 /// Verifier Parameters
 #[derive(CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct MultilinearVerifierParam<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct MultilinearVerifierParam<E: Pairing> {
     /// number of variables
     pub num_vars: usize,
     /// generator of G1
@@ -69,7 +64,7 @@ pub struct MultilinearVerifierParam<E: PairingEngine> {
     pub h_mask: Vec<E::G2Affine>,
 }
 
-impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for MultilinearUniversalParams<E> {
+impl<E: Pairing> StructuredReferenceString<E> for MultilinearUniversalParams<E> {
     type ProverParam = MultilinearProverParam<E>;
     type VerifierParam = MultilinearVerifierParam<E>;
 
@@ -130,10 +125,7 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for MultilinearUniversalPara
     /// Build SRS for testing.
     /// WARNING: THIS FUNCTION IS FOR TESTING PURPOSE ONLY.
     /// THE OUTPUT SRS SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PRODUCTION.
-    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
-        rng: &mut R,
-        num_vars: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self, PCSError> {
+    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, num_vars: usize) -> Result<Self, PCSError> {
         if num_vars == 0 {
             return Err(PCSError::InvalidParameters(
                 "constant polynomial not supported".to_string(),
@@ -144,15 +136,15 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for MultilinearUniversalPara
 
         let pp_generation_timer = start_timer!(|| "Prover Param generation");
 
-        let g = E::G1Projective::rand(rng);
-        let h = E::G2Projective::rand(rng);
+        let g = E::G1::rand(rng);
+        let h = E::G2::rand(rng);
 
         let mut powers_of_g = Vec::new();
 
-        let t: Vec<_> = (0..num_vars).map(|_| E::Fr::rand(rng)).collect();
-        let scalar_bits = E::Fr::size_in_bits();
+        let t: Vec<_> = (0..num_vars).map(|_| E::ScalarField::rand(rng)).collect();
+        let scalar_bits = E::ScalarField::MODULUS_BIT_SIZE as usize;
 
-        let mut eq: LinkedList<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>> =
+        let mut eq: LinkedList<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>> =
             LinkedList::from_iter(eq_extension(&t).into_iter());
         let mut eq_arr = LinkedList::new();
         let mut base = eq.pop_back().unwrap().evaluations;
@@ -177,12 +169,15 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for MultilinearUniversalPara
             pp_powers.extend(pp_k_powers);
             total_scalars += 1 << (num_vars - i);
         }
-        let window_size = FixedBaseMSM::get_mul_window_size(total_scalars);
-        let g_table = FixedBaseMSM::get_window_table(scalar_bits, window_size, g);
-
-        let pp_g = E::G1Projective::batch_normalization_into_affine(
-            &FixedBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(scalar_bits, window_size, &g_table, &pp_powers),
-        );
+        let window_size = FixedBase::get_mul_window_size(total_scalars);
+        let g_table = FixedBase::get_window_table(scalar_bits, window_size, g);
+
+        let pp_g = E::G1::normalize_batch(&FixedBase::msm(
+            scalar_bits,
+            window_size,
+            &g_table,
+            &pp_powers,
+        ));
 
         let mut start = 0;
         for i in 0..num_vars {
@@ -191,8 +186,8 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for MultilinearUniversalPara
                 evals: pp_g[start..(start + size)].to_vec(),
             };
             // check correctness of pp_k_g
-            let t_eval_0 = eq_eval(&vec![E::Fr::zero(); num_vars - i], &t[i..num_vars])?;
-            assert_eq!(g.mul(t_eval_0.into_repr()).into_affine(), pp_k_g.evals[0]);
+            let t_eval_0 = eq_eval(&vec![E::ScalarField::zero(); num_vars - i], &t[i..num_vars])?;
+            assert_eq!((g * t_eval_0).into(), pp_k_g.evals[0]);
             powers_of_g.push(pp_k_g);
             start += size;
         }
@@ -212,14 +207,9 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for MultilinearUniversalPara
 
         let vp_generation_timer = start_timer!(|| "VP generation");
         let h_mask = {
-            let window_size = FixedBaseMSM::get_mul_window_size(num_vars);
-            let h_table = FixedBaseMSM::get_window_table(scalar_bits, window_size, h);
-            E::G2Projective::batch_normalization_into_affine(&FixedBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(
-                scalar_bits,
-                window_size,
-                &h_table,
-                &t,
-            ))
+            let window_size = FixedBase::get_mul_window_size(num_vars);
+            let h_table = FixedBase::get_window_table(scalar_bits, window_size, h);
+            E::G2::normalize_batch(&FixedBase::msm(scalar_bits, window_size, &h_table, &t))
         };
         end_timer!(vp_generation_timer);
         end_timer!(total_timer);
diff --git a/subroutines/src/pcs/structs.rs b/subroutines/src/pcs/structs.rs
index 73d38d8..3b535db 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/pcs/structs.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/pcs/structs.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the MIT License
 // along with the HyperPlonk library. If not, see <https://mit-license.org/>.
 
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize, Read, SerializationError, Write};
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
+use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize};
 use derivative::Derivative;
 
 #[derive(Derivative, CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize)]
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use derivative::Derivative;
     Eq(bound = "")
 )]
 /// A commitment is an Affine point.
-pub struct Commitment<E: PairingEngine>(
+pub struct Commitment<E: Pairing>(
     /// the actual commitment is an affine point.
     pub E::G1Affine,
 );
diff --git a/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/mod.rs b/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/mod.rs
index 32a4fc9..dcf8c8f 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/mod.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/mod.rs
@@ -9,49 +9,45 @@
 use crate::pcs::{
     prelude::Commitment, PCSError, PolynomialCommitmentScheme, StructuredReferenceString,
 };
-use ark_ec::{msm::VariableBaseMSM, AffineCurve, PairingEngine, ProjectiveCurve};
+use ark_ec::{
+    pairing::Pairing, scalar_mul::variable_base::VariableBaseMSM, AffineRepr, CurveGroup,
+};
 use ark_ff::PrimeField;
-use ark_poly::{univariate::DensePolynomial, Polynomial, UVPolynomial};
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize, Read, SerializationError, Write};
+use ark_poly::{univariate::DensePolynomial, DenseUVPolynomial, Polynomial};
+use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize};
 use ark_std::{
-    borrow::Borrow,
-    end_timer, format,
-    marker::PhantomData,
-    rand::{CryptoRng, RngCore},
-    start_timer,
-    string::ToString,
-    vec,
-    vec::Vec,
-    One,
+    borrow::Borrow, end_timer, format, marker::PhantomData, rand::Rng, start_timer,
+    string::ToString, vec, vec::Vec, One,
 };
 use srs::{UnivariateProverParam, UnivariateUniversalParams, UnivariateVerifierParam};
+use std::ops::Mul;
 
 pub(crate) mod srs;
 
 /// KZG Polynomial Commitment Scheme on univariate polynomial.
-pub struct UnivariateKzgPCS<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct UnivariateKzgPCS<E: Pairing> {
     #[doc(hidden)]
     phantom: PhantomData<E>,
 }
 
 #[derive(CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 /// proof of opening
-pub struct UnivariateKzgProof<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct UnivariateKzgProof<E: Pairing> {
     /// Evaluation of quotients
     pub proof: E::G1Affine,
 }
 /// batch proof
 pub type UnivariateKzgBatchProof<E> = Vec<UnivariateKzgProof<E>>;
 
-impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for UnivariateKzgPCS<E> {
+impl<E: Pairing> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for UnivariateKzgPCS<E> {
     // Parameters
     type ProverParam = UnivariateProverParam<E::G1Affine>;
     type VerifierParam = UnivariateVerifierParam<E>;
     type SRS = UnivariateUniversalParams<E>;
     // Polynomial and its associated types
-    type Polynomial = DensePolynomial<E::Fr>;
-    type Point = E::Fr;
-    type Evaluation = E::Fr;
+    type Polynomial = DensePolynomial<E::ScalarField>;
+    type Point = E::ScalarField;
+    type Evaluation = E::ScalarField;
     // Polynomial and its associated types
     type Commitment = Commitment<E>;
     type Proof = UnivariateKzgProof<E>;
@@ -65,7 +61,7 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for UnivariateKzgPCS<E> {
     ///
     /// WARNING: THIS FUNCTION IS FOR TESTING PURPOSE ONLY.
     /// THE OUTPUT SRS SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PRODUCTION.
-    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
+    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: Rng>(
         rng: &mut R,
         supported_size: usize,
     ) -> Result<Self::SRS, PCSError> {
@@ -107,10 +103,10 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for UnivariateKzgPCS<E> {
             )));
         }
 
-        let (num_leading_zeros, plain_coeffs) = skip_leading_zeros_and_convert_to_bigints(poly);
+        let (num_leading_zeros, plain_coeffs) = skip_leading_zeros(poly);
 
         let msm_time = start_timer!(|| "MSM to compute commitment to plaintext poly");
-        let commitment = VariableBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(
+        let commitment = E::G1::msm_unchecked(
             &prover_param.powers_of_g[num_leading_zeros..],
             &plain_coeffs,
         )
@@ -130,16 +126,15 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for UnivariateKzgPCS<E> {
     ) -> Result<(Self::Proof, Self::Evaluation), PCSError> {
         let open_time =
             start_timer!(|| format!("Opening polynomial of degree {}", polynomial.degree()));
-        let divisor = Self::Polynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![-*point, E::Fr::one()]);
+        let divisor = Self::Polynomial::from_coefficients_vec(vec![-*point, E::ScalarField::one()]);
 
         let witness_time = start_timer!(|| "Computing witness polynomial");
         let witness_polynomial = polynomial / &divisor;
         end_timer!(witness_time);
 
-        let (num_leading_zeros, witness_coeffs) =
-            skip_leading_zeros_and_convert_to_bigints(&witness_polynomial);
+        let (num_leading_zeros, witness_coeffs) = skip_leading_zeros(&witness_polynomial);
 
-        let proof = VariableBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul(
+        let proof = E::G1::msm_unchecked(
             &prover_param.borrow().powers_of_g[num_leading_zeros..],
             &witness_coeffs,
         )
@@ -157,45 +152,36 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E> for UnivariateKzgPCS<E> {
         verifier_param: &Self::VerifierParam,
         commitment: &Self::Commitment,
         point: &Self::Point,
-        value: &E::Fr,
+        value: &E::ScalarField,
         proof: &Self::Proof,
     ) -> Result<bool, PCSError> {
         let check_time = start_timer!(|| "Checking evaluation");
         let pairing_inputs: Vec<(E::G1Prepared, E::G2Prepared)> = vec![
             (
-                (verifier_param.g.mul(value.into_repr())
-                    - proof.proof.mul(point.into_repr())
-                    - commitment.0.into_projective())
-                .into_affine()
-                .into(),
+                (verifier_param.g.mul(value) - proof.proof.mul(point) - commitment.0.into_group())
+                    .into_affine()
+                    .into(),
                 verifier_param.h.into(),
             ),
             (proof.proof.into(), verifier_param.beta_h.into()),
         ];
 
-        let res = E::product_of_pairings(pairing_inputs.iter()).is_one();
+        let p1 = pairing_inputs.iter().map(|(a, _)| a.clone());
+        let p2 = pairing_inputs.iter().map(|(_, a)| a.clone());
+
+        let res = E::multi_pairing(p1, p2).0.is_one();
 
         end_timer!(check_time, || format!("Result: {}", res));
         Ok(res)
     }
 }
 
-fn skip_leading_zeros_and_convert_to_bigints<F: PrimeField, P: UVPolynomial<F>>(
-    p: &P,
-) -> (usize, Vec<F::BigInt>) {
+fn skip_leading_zeros<F: PrimeField, P: DenseUVPolynomial<F>>(p: &P) -> (usize, &[F]) {
     let mut num_leading_zeros = 0;
     while num_leading_zeros < p.coeffs().len() && p.coeffs()[num_leading_zeros].is_zero() {
         num_leading_zeros += 1;
     }
-    let coeffs = convert_to_bigints(&p.coeffs()[num_leading_zeros..]);
-    (num_leading_zeros, coeffs)
-}
-
-fn convert_to_bigints<F: PrimeField>(p: &[F]) -> Vec<F::BigInt> {
-    let to_bigint_time = start_timer!(|| "Converting polynomial coeffs to bigints");
-    let coeffs = p.iter().map(|s| s.into_repr()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    end_timer!(to_bigint_time);
-    coeffs
+    (num_leading_zeros, &p.coeffs()[num_leading_zeros..])
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -203,13 +189,13 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::StructuredReferenceString;
     use ark_bls12_381::Bls12_381;
-    use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+    use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
     use ark_poly::univariate::DensePolynomial;
     use ark_std::{test_rng, UniformRand};
 
     fn end_to_end_test_template<E>() -> Result<(), PCSError>
     where
-        E: PairingEngine,
+        E: Pairing,
     {
         let rng = &mut test_rng();
         for _ in 0..100 {
@@ -219,9 +205,11 @@ mod tests {
             }
             let pp = UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::gen_srs_for_testing(rng, degree)?;
             let (ck, vk) = pp.trim(degree)?;
-            let p = <DensePolynomial<E::Fr> as UVPolynomial<E::Fr>>::rand(degree, rng);
+            let p = <DensePolynomial<E::ScalarField> as DenseUVPolynomial<E::ScalarField>>::rand(
+                degree, rng,
+            );
             let comm = UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::commit(&ck, &p)?;
-            let point = E::Fr::rand(rng);
+            let point = E::ScalarField::rand(rng);
             let (proof, value) = UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::open(&ck, &p, &point)?;
             assert!(
                 UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::verify(&vk, &comm, &point, &value, &proof)?,
@@ -235,7 +223,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     fn linear_polynomial_test_template<E>() -> Result<(), PCSError>
     where
-        E: PairingEngine,
+        E: Pairing,
     {
         let rng = &mut test_rng();
         for _ in 0..100 {
@@ -243,9 +231,11 @@ mod tests {
 
             let pp = UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::gen_srs_for_testing(rng, degree)?;
             let (ck, vk) = pp.trim(degree)?;
-            let p = <DensePolynomial<E::Fr> as UVPolynomial<E::Fr>>::rand(degree, rng);
+            let p = <DensePolynomial<E::ScalarField> as DenseUVPolynomial<E::ScalarField>>::rand(
+                degree, rng,
+            );
             let comm = UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::commit(&ck, &p)?;
-            let point = E::Fr::rand(rng);
+            let point = E::ScalarField::rand(rng);
             let (proof, value) = UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::open(&ck, &p, &point)?;
             assert!(
                 UnivariateKzgPCS::<E>::verify(&vk, &comm, &point, &value, &proof)?,
diff --git a/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/srs.rs b/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/srs.rs
index f15fe4b..9aeaaa8 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/srs.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/pcs/univariate_kzg/srs.rs
@@ -7,23 +7,18 @@
 //! Implementing Structured Reference Strings for univariate polynomial KZG
 
 use crate::pcs::{PCSError, StructuredReferenceString};
-use ark_ec::{msm::FixedBaseMSM, AffineCurve, PairingEngine, ProjectiveCurve};
+use ark_ec::{pairing::Pairing, scalar_mul::fixed_base::FixedBase, AffineRepr, CurveGroup};
 use ark_ff::PrimeField;
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize, Read, SerializationError, Write};
-use ark_std::{
-    end_timer,
-    rand::{CryptoRng, RngCore},
-    start_timer, vec,
-    vec::Vec,
-    One, UniformRand,
-};
+use ark_serialize::{CanonicalDeserialize, CanonicalSerialize};
+use ark_std::{end_timer, rand::Rng, start_timer, vec, vec::Vec, One, UniformRand};
 use derivative::Derivative;
+use std::ops::Mul;
 
 /// `UniversalParams` are the universal parameters for the KZG10 scheme.
 // Adapted from
 // https://github.com/arkworks-rs/poly-commit/blob/master/src/kzg10/data_structures.rs#L20
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Default)]
-pub struct UnivariateUniversalParams<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct UnivariateUniversalParams<E: Pairing> {
     /// Group elements of the form `{ \beta^i G }`, where `i` ranges from 0 to
     /// `degree`.
     pub powers_of_g: Vec<E::G1Affine>,
@@ -33,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct UnivariateUniversalParams<E: PairingEngine> {
     pub beta_h: E::G2Affine,
 }
 
-impl<E: PairingEngine> UnivariateUniversalParams<E> {
+impl<E: Pairing> UnivariateUniversalParams<E> {
     /// Returns the maximum supported degree
     pub fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
         self.powers_of_g.len()
@@ -42,7 +37,7 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> UnivariateUniversalParams<E> {
 
 /// `UnivariateProverParam` is used to generate a proof
 #[derive(CanonicalSerialize, CanonicalDeserialize, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Default)]
-pub struct UnivariateProverParam<C: AffineCurve> {
+pub struct UnivariateProverParam<C: AffineRepr> {
     /// Parameters
     pub powers_of_g: Vec<C>,
 }
@@ -58,7 +53,7 @@ pub struct UnivariateProverParam<C: AffineCurve> {
     PartialEq(bound = ""),
     Eq(bound = "")
 )]
-pub struct UnivariateVerifierParam<E: PairingEngine> {
+pub struct UnivariateVerifierParam<E: Pairing> {
     /// The generator of G1.
     pub g: E::G1Affine,
     /// The generator of G2.
@@ -67,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct UnivariateVerifierParam<E: PairingEngine> {
     pub beta_h: E::G2Affine,
 }
 
-impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for UnivariateUniversalParams<E> {
+impl<E: Pairing> StructuredReferenceString<E> for UnivariateUniversalParams<E> {
     type ProverParam = UnivariateProverParam<E::G1Affine>;
     type VerifierParam = UnivariateVerifierParam<E>;
 
@@ -109,16 +104,13 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for UnivariateUniversalParam
     /// Build SRS for testing.
     /// WARNING: THIS FUNCTION IS FOR TESTING PURPOSE ONLY.
     /// THE OUTPUT SRS SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PRODUCTION.
-    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: RngCore + CryptoRng>(
-        rng: &mut R,
-        max_degree: usize,
-    ) -> Result<Self, PCSError> {
+    fn gen_srs_for_testing<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, max_degree: usize) -> Result<Self, PCSError> {
         let setup_time = start_timer!(|| format!("KZG10::Setup with degree {}", max_degree));
-        let beta = E::Fr::rand(rng);
-        let g = E::G1Projective::rand(rng);
-        let h = E::G2Projective::rand(rng);
+        let beta = E::ScalarField::rand(rng);
+        let g = E::G1::rand(rng);
+        let h = E::G2::rand(rng);
 
-        let mut powers_of_beta = vec![E::Fr::one()];
+        let mut powers_of_beta = vec![E::ScalarField::one()];
 
         let mut cur = beta;
         for _ in 0..max_degree {
@@ -126,21 +118,17 @@ impl<E: PairingEngine> StructuredReferenceString<E> for UnivariateUniversalParam
             cur *= &beta;
         }
 
-        let window_size = FixedBaseMSM::get_mul_window_size(max_degree + 1);
+        let window_size = FixedBase::get_mul_window_size(max_degree + 1);
 
-        let scalar_bits = E::Fr::size_in_bits();
+        let scalar_bits = E::ScalarField::MODULUS_BIT_SIZE as usize;
         let g_time = start_timer!(|| "Generating powers of G");
         // TODO: parallelization
-        let g_table = FixedBaseMSM::get_window_table(scalar_bits, window_size, g);
-        let powers_of_g = FixedBaseMSM::multi_scalar_mul::<E::G1Projective>(
-            scalar_bits,
-            window_size,
-            &g_table,
-            &powers_of_beta,
-        );
+        let g_table = FixedBase::get_window_table(scalar_bits, window_size, g);
+        let powers_of_g =
+            FixedBase::msm::<E::G1>(scalar_bits, window_size, &g_table, &powers_of_beta);
         end_timer!(g_time);
 
-        let powers_of_g = E::G1Projective::batch_normalization_into_affine(&powers_of_g);
+        let powers_of_g = E::G1::normalize_batch(&powers_of_g);
 
         let h = h.into_affine();
         let beta_h = h.mul(beta).into_affine();
diff --git a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/perm_check/mod.rs b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/perm_check/mod.rs
index 8a9149d..afff80e 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/perm_check/mod.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/perm_check/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
     pcs::PolynomialCommitmentScheme,
     poly_iop::{errors::PolyIOPErrors, prelude::ProductCheck, PolyIOP},
 };
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_poly::DenseMultilinearExtension;
 use ark_std::{end_timer, start_timer};
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ use transcript::IOPTranscript;
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PermutationCheckSubClaim<E, PCS, PC>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PC: ProductCheck<E, PCS>,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>,
 {
     /// the SubClaim from the ProductCheck
     pub product_check_sub_claim: PC::ProductCheckSubClaim,
     /// Challenges beta and gamma
-    pub challenges: (E::Fr, E::Fr),
+    pub challenges: (E::ScalarField, E::ScalarField),
 }
 
 pub mod util;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub mod util;
 /// - permutation oracles = (p1, ..., pk)
 pub trait PermutationCheck<E, PCS>: ProductCheck<E, PCS>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>,
 {
     type PermutationCheckSubClaim;
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ where
         fxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
         gxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
         perms: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
-        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<
         (
             Self::PermutationProof,
@@ -98,16 +98,16 @@ where
     ) -> Result<Self::PermutationCheckSubClaim, PolyIOPErrors>;
 }
 
-impl<E, PCS> PermutationCheck<E, PCS> for PolyIOP<E::Fr>
+impl<E, PCS> PermutationCheck<E, PCS> for PolyIOP<E::ScalarField>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
-    PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E, Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>>,
+    E: Pairing,
+    PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E, Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>>,
 {
     type PermutationCheckSubClaim = PermutationCheckSubClaim<E, PCS, Self>;
     type PermutationProof = Self::ProductCheckProof;
 
     fn init_transcript() -> Self::Transcript {
-        IOPTranscript::<E::Fr>::new(b"Initializing PermutationCheck transcript")
+        IOPTranscript::<E::ScalarField>::new(b"Initializing PermutationCheck transcript")
     }
 
     fn prove(
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ where
         fxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
         gxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
         perms: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
-        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<
         (
             Self::PermutationProof,
@@ -195,22 +195,25 @@ mod test {
     };
     use arithmetic::{evaluate_opt, identity_permutation_mles, random_permutation_mles, VPAuxInfo};
     use ark_bls12_381::Bls12_381;
-    use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+    use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
     use ark_poly::{DenseMultilinearExtension, MultilinearExtension};
     use ark_std::test_rng;
     use std::{marker::PhantomData, sync::Arc};
 
-    type KZG = MultilinearKzgPCS<Bls12_381>;
+    type Kzg = MultilinearKzgPCS<Bls12_381>;
 
     fn test_permutation_check_helper<E, PCS>(
         pcs_param: &PCS::ProverParam,
-        fxs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
-        gxs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
-        perms: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
+        fxs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
+        gxs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
+        perms: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
     ) -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors>
     where
-        E: PairingEngine,
-        PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E, Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>>,
+        E: Pairing,
+        PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<
+            E,
+            Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>,
+        >,
     {
         let nv = fxs[0].num_vars;
         // what's AuxInfo used for?
@@ -221,20 +224,23 @@ mod test {
         };
 
         // prover
-        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
+        let mut transcript =
+            <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
         transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
-        let (proof, prod_x, _frac_poly) = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::prove(
-            pcs_param,
-            fxs,
-            gxs,
-            perms,
-            &mut transcript,
-        )?;
+        let (proof, prod_x, _frac_poly) =
+            <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::prove(
+                pcs_param,
+                fxs,
+                gxs,
+                perms,
+                &mut transcript,
+            )?;
 
         // verifier
-        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
+        let mut transcript =
+            <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
         transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
-        let perm_check_sub_claim = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::verify(
+        let perm_check_sub_claim = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as PermutationCheck<E, PCS>>::verify(
             &proof,
             &poly_info,
             &mut transcript,
@@ -267,7 +273,7 @@ mod test {
                 Arc::new(DenseMultilinearExtension::rand(nv, &mut rng)),
             ];
             // perms is the identity map
-            test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, KZG>(&pcs_param, &ws, &ws, &id_perms)?;
+            test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, Kzg>(&pcs_param, &ws, &ws, &id_perms)?;
         }
 
         {
@@ -281,7 +287,7 @@ mod test {
             // perms is the reverse identity map
             let mut perms = id_perms.clone();
             perms.reverse();
-            test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, KZG>(&pcs_param, &fs, &gs, &perms)?;
+            test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, Kzg>(&pcs_param, &fs, &gs, &perms)?;
         }
 
         {
@@ -294,7 +300,7 @@ mod test {
             let perms = random_permutation_mles(nv, 2, &mut rng);
 
             assert!(
-                test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, KZG>(&pcs_param, &ws, &ws, &perms)
+                test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, Kzg>(&pcs_param, &ws, &ws, &perms)
                     .is_err()
             );
         }
@@ -311,7 +317,7 @@ mod test {
             ];
             // s_perm is the identity map
 
-            assert!(test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, KZG>(
+            assert!(test_permutation_check_helper::<Bls12_381, Kzg>(
                 &pcs_param, &fs, &gs, &id_perms
             )
             .is_err());
diff --git a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/prod_check/mod.rs b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/prod_check/mod.rs
index 5e18760..2e0225a 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/prod_check/mod.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/prod_check/mod.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 use arithmetic::VPAuxInfo;
-use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
 use ark_ff::{One, PrimeField, Zero};
 use ark_poly::DenseMultilinearExtension;
 use ark_std::{end_timer, start_timer};
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ mod util;
 /// 2. `generate_challenge` from current transcript (generate alpha)
 /// 3. `verify` to verify the zerocheck proof and generate the subclaim for
 /// polynomial evaluations
-pub trait ProductCheck<E, PCS>: ZeroCheck<E::Fr>
+pub trait ProductCheck<E, PCS>: ZeroCheck<E::ScalarField>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>,
 {
     type ProductCheckSubClaim;
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ where
         pcs_param: &PCS::ProverParam,
         fxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
         gxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
-        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<
         (
             Self::ProductCheckProof,
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ where
     ///     = \prod_{x \in {0,1}^n} g1(x) * ... * gk(x)`
     fn verify(
         proof: &Self::ProductCheckProof,
-        aux_info: &VPAuxInfo<E::Fr>,
+        aux_info: &VPAuxInfo<E::ScalarField>,
         transcript: &mut Self::Transcript,
     ) -> Result<Self::ProductCheckSubClaim, PolyIOPErrors>;
 }
@@ -136,32 +136,32 @@ pub struct ProductCheckSubClaim<F: PrimeField, ZC: ZeroCheck<F>> {
 /// - a polynomial commitment for the fractional polynomial
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ProductCheckProof<
-    E: PairingEngine,
+    E: Pairing,
     PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E>,
-    ZC: ZeroCheck<E::Fr>,
+    ZC: ZeroCheck<E::ScalarField>,
 > {
     pub zero_check_proof: ZC::ZeroCheckProof,
     pub prod_x_comm: PCS::Commitment,
     pub frac_comm: PCS::Commitment,
 }
 
-impl<E, PCS> ProductCheck<E, PCS> for PolyIOP<E::Fr>
+impl<E, PCS> ProductCheck<E, PCS> for PolyIOP<E::ScalarField>
 where
-    E: PairingEngine,
-    PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E, Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>>,
+    E: Pairing,
+    PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E, Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>>,
 {
-    type ProductCheckSubClaim = ProductCheckSubClaim<E::Fr, Self>;
+    type ProductCheckSubClaim = ProductCheckSubClaim<E::ScalarField, Self>;
     type ProductCheckProof = ProductCheckProof<E, PCS, Self>;
 
     fn init_transcript() -> Self::Transcript {
-        IOPTranscript::<E::Fr>::new(b"Initializing ProductCheck transcript")
+        IOPTranscript::<E::ScalarField>::new(b"Initializing ProductCheck transcript")
     }
 
     fn prove(
         pcs_param: &PCS::ProverParam,
         fxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
         gxs: &[Self::MultilinearExtension],
-        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::Fr>,
+        transcript: &mut IOPTranscript<E::ScalarField>,
     ) -> Result<
         (
             Self::ProductCheckProof,
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ where
 
     fn verify(
         proof: &Self::ProductCheckProof,
-        aux_info: &VPAuxInfo<E::Fr>,
+        aux_info: &VPAuxInfo<E::ScalarField>,
         transcript: &mut Self::Transcript,
     ) -> Result<Self::ProductCheckSubClaim, PolyIOPErrors> {
         let start = start_timer!(|| "prod_check verify");
@@ -232,14 +232,17 @@ where
 
         // invoke the zero check on the iop_proof
         // the virtual poly info for Q(x)
-        let zero_check_sub_claim =
-            <Self as ZeroCheck<E::Fr>>::verify(&proof.zero_check_proof, aux_info, transcript)?;
+        let zero_check_sub_claim = <Self as ZeroCheck<E::ScalarField>>::verify(
+            &proof.zero_check_proof,
+            aux_info,
+            transcript,
+        )?;
 
         // the final query is on prod_x
-        let mut final_query = vec![E::Fr::one(); aux_info.num_variables];
+        let mut final_query = vec![E::ScalarField::one(); aux_info.num_variables];
         // the point has to be reversed because Arkworks uses big-endian.
-        final_query[0] = E::Fr::zero();
-        let final_eval = E::Fr::one();
+        final_query[0] = E::ScalarField::zero();
+        let final_eval = E::ScalarField::one();
 
         end_timer!(start);
 
@@ -260,53 +263,60 @@ mod test {
     };
     use arithmetic::VPAuxInfo;
     use ark_bls12_381::{Bls12_381, Fr};
-    use ark_ec::PairingEngine;
+    use ark_ec::pairing::Pairing;
     use ark_poly::{DenseMultilinearExtension, MultilinearExtension};
     use ark_std::test_rng;
     use std::{marker::PhantomData, sync::Arc};
 
     fn check_frac_poly<E>(
-        frac_poly: &Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>,
-        fs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
-        gs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
+        frac_poly: &Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>,
+        fs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
+        gs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
     ) where
-        E: PairingEngine,
+        E: Pairing,
     {
         let mut flag = true;
         let num_vars = frac_poly.num_vars;
         for i in 0..1 << num_vars {
             let nom = fs
                 .iter()
-                .fold(E::Fr::from(1u8), |acc, f| acc * f.evaluations[i]);
+                .fold(E::ScalarField::from(1u8), |acc, f| acc * f.evaluations[i]);
             let denom = gs
                 .iter()
-                .fold(E::Fr::from(1u8), |acc, g| acc * g.evaluations[i]);
+                .fold(E::ScalarField::from(1u8), |acc, g| acc * g.evaluations[i]);
             if denom * frac_poly.evaluations[i] != nom {
                 flag = false;
                 break;
             }
         }
-        assert_eq!(flag, true);
+        assert!(flag);
     }
     // fs and gs are guaranteed to have the same product
     // fs and hs doesn't have the same product
     fn test_product_check_helper<E, PCS>(
-        fs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
-        gs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
-        hs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>],
+        fs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
+        gs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
+        hs: &[Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>],
         pcs_param: &PCS::ProverParam,
     ) -> Result<(), PolyIOPErrors>
     where
-        E: PairingEngine,
-        PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<E, Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::Fr>>>,
+        E: Pairing,
+        PCS: PolynomialCommitmentScheme<
+            E,
+            Polynomial = Arc<DenseMultilinearExtension<E::ScalarField>>,
+        >,
     {
-        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
+        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
         transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
 
-        let (proof, prod_x, frac_poly) =
-            <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::prove(pcs_param, fs, gs, &mut transcript)?;
+        let (proof, prod_x, frac_poly) = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::prove(
+            pcs_param,
+            fs,
+            gs,
+            &mut transcript,
+        )?;
 
-        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
+        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
         transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
 
         // what's aux_info for?
@@ -315,8 +325,11 @@ mod test {
             num_variables: fs[0].num_vars,
             phantom: PhantomData::default(),
         };
-        let prod_subclaim =
-            <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::verify(&proof, &aux_info, &mut transcript)?;
+        let prod_subclaim = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::verify(
+            &proof,
+            &aux_info,
+            &mut transcript,
+        )?;
         assert_eq!(
             prod_x.evaluate(&prod_subclaim.final_query.0).unwrap(),
             prod_subclaim.final_query.1,
@@ -325,15 +338,19 @@ mod test {
         check_frac_poly::<E>(&frac_poly, fs, gs);
 
         // bad path
-        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
+        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
         transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
 
-        let (bad_proof, prod_x_bad, frac_poly) =
-            <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::prove(pcs_param, fs, hs, &mut transcript)?;
+        let (bad_proof, prod_x_bad, frac_poly) = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<
+            E,
+            PCS,
+        >>::prove(
+            pcs_param, fs, hs, &mut transcript
+        )?;
 
-        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
+        let mut transcript = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::init_transcript();
         transcript.append_message(b"testing", b"initializing transcript for testing")?;
-        let bad_subclaim = <PolyIOP<E::Fr> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::verify(
+        let bad_subclaim = <PolyIOP<E::ScalarField> as ProductCheck<E, PCS>>::verify(
             &bad_proof,
             &aux_info,
             &mut transcript,
diff --git a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/structs.rs b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/structs.rs
index b8e0848..b87aa2a 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/structs.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/structs.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 use arithmetic::VirtualPolynomial;
 use ark_ff::PrimeField;
-use ark_serialize::{CanonicalSerialize, SerializationError, Write};
+use ark_serialize::CanonicalSerialize;
 
 /// An IOP proof is a collections of
 /// - messages from prover to verifier at each round through the interactive
diff --git a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/sum_check/verifier.rs b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/sum_check/verifier.rs
index 043cb3c..d600212 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/sum_check/verifier.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/sum_check/verifier.rs
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ mod test {
     use super::interpolate_uni_poly;
     use crate::poly_iop::errors::PolyIOPErrors;
     use ark_bls12_381::Fr;
-    use ark_poly::{univariate::DensePolynomial, Polynomial, UVPolynomial};
+    use ark_poly::{univariate::DensePolynomial, DenseUVPolynomial, Polynomial};
     use ark_std::{vec::Vec, UniformRand};
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/utils.rs b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/utils.rs
index ea3aa9c..e1761eb 100644
--- a/subroutines/src/poly_iop/utils.rs
+++ b/subroutines/src/poly_iop/utils.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 macro_rules! to_bytes {
     ($x:expr) => {{
         let mut buf = ark_std::vec![];
-        ark_serialize::CanonicalSerialize::serialize($x, &mut buf).map(|_| buf)
+        ark_serialize::CanonicalSerialize::serialize_compressed($x, &mut buf).map(|_| buf)
     }};
 }
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ mod test {
         let f1 = Fr::one();
 
         let mut bytes = ark_std::vec![];
-        f1.serialize(&mut bytes).unwrap();
+        f1.serialize_compressed(&mut bytes).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(bytes, to_bytes!(&f1).unwrap());
     }
 }
diff --git a/transcript/Cargo.toml b/transcript/Cargo.toml
index c12ee3d..eac798d 100644
--- a/transcript/Cargo.toml
+++ b/transcript/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
 
-ark-ff = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-serialize =  { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
-ark-std = { version = "^0.3.0", default-features = false }
+ark-ff = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-serialize =  { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
+ark-std = { version = "^0.4.0", default-features = false }
 displaydoc = { version = "0.2.3", default-features = false }
 merlin = { version = "3.0.0", default-features = false }
diff --git a/transcript/src/lib.rs b/transcript/src/lib.rs
index c103ab9..3129cae 100644
--- a/transcript/src/lib.rs
+++ b/transcript/src/lib.rs
@@ -126,6 +126,6 @@ impl<F: PrimeField> IOPTranscript<F> {
 macro_rules! to_bytes {
     ($x:expr) => {{
         let mut buf = ark_std::vec![];
-        ark_serialize::CanonicalSerialize::serialize($x, &mut buf).map(|_| buf)
+        ark_serialize::CanonicalSerialize::serialize_compressed($x, &mut buf).map(|_| buf)
     }};
 }