diff --git a/.github/workflows/typos.toml b/.github/workflows/typos.toml index 0455301..0e0e6fd 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/typos.toml +++ b/.github/workflows/typos.toml @@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ iddeal = "ideal" iddeals = "ideals" allpha = "alpha" fieldd = "field" +kernetl = "kernel" +extenaion = "extension" # strings that are not a typo: thm = "thm" diff --git a/commutative-algebra-notes.pdf b/commutative-algebra-notes.pdf index 8713d3b..a0c973b 100644 Binary files a/commutative-algebra-notes.pdf and b/commutative-algebra-notes.pdf differ diff --git a/commutative-algebra-notes.tex b/commutative-algebra-notes.tex index ed7af7d..67b8d83 100644 --- a/commutative-algebra-notes.tex +++ b/commutative-algebra-notes.tex @@ -1009,12 +1009,12 @@ As in with rings, it is equivalent to say that \subsection{A-algebras and integral domains} -\begin{defn}{}[A-algebra] +\begin{defn}{}[A-algebra / k-algebra] An $A$-algebra is a ring $B$ with a ring homomorphism $\psi: A \longrightarrow B$. $B$ is an $A$-module with multiplication defined by $\psi(a) \cdot b~~~ (a \in A, b \in B)$. - When $A \subset B$, $B$ is an extenaion ring of $A$; denoted $\psi(A) = A' \subset B$. + When $A \subset B$, $B$ is an extension ring of $A$; denoted $\psi(A) = A' \subset B$. \end{defn} \begin{defn}{R.4.1}\label{R.4.1} @@ -1420,7 +1420,7 @@ Note: for $k$ a field, $k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]$, $m$ maximal ideal; the residue fie The ideal generated by these terms is a subset of $m$: $$J=(X_1 -a_1, \ldots, X_n -a_n) \subseteq m$$ - Since $J$ is the kernetl of the evaluation map at point $(a_1, \ldots, a_n)$, + Since $J$ is the kernel of the evaluation map at point $(a_1, \ldots, a_n)$, then $J$ is a maximal ideal. Together with $J \subseteq m$, then we have $J=m$, ie. $$m = (X_1 -a_1, \ldots, X_n -a_n)$$ @@ -1544,23 +1544,29 @@ Note: for $k$ a field, $k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]$, $m$ maximal ideal; the residue fie \begin{enumerate}[a.] \item if $J \subsetneq k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]$ then $V(J) \neq \emptyset$:\\ Let $m \subset k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]$ be a maximal ideal.\\ - Then $L=k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]/m$ is a field (by TODO ref). - By Zariski's lemma (\ref{zariski}), since $L$ is generated as a $k$-algebra by the images of the variables $x_i$, and $k$ is algebraically closed. + \begin{itemize} + \item Since $m$ maximal, $L= k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]/m$ is a field. + \item Since $k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]$ is a fingen $k$-algebra, $L$ is a fingen $k$-algebra. + \end{itemize} + $\Longrightarrow~$ thus $L$ is a finite field extension of $k$. - Then the only algebraic extension of $k$ is $k$ itself. Thus $L \cong k$. + (Recall: if $k$ algebraically closed and $L$ a fingen field extension of $k$, then $L=k$.) - \vspace{0.3cm} - Then $\exists$ a surjective homomorphism $\psi: k[X_1, \ldots, X_n] \longrightarrow k$. + Therefore, + $$L=\frac{k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]}{m} \cong k$$ - Let $a_i = \psi(x_i)$. Then $x_i - a \in ker(\psi) = m ~\forall~ i$. + Since $k[X_1, \ldots, X_n]$ is a $k$-algebra, $\exists$ a surjective homomorphism $\psi: k[X_1, \ldots, X_n] \longrightarrow k$. - Since the ideal $(X_1 - a_1, \ldots, X_n - a_n)$ is maximal and contained in $m$, they must be equal, ie. $m = (X_1 - a_1, \ldots, X_n - a_n)$. + Let $a_i = \psi(x_i)$. Then $x_i - a_i \in ker(\psi) = m ~\forall~ i \in [n]$. - Therefore, $P=(a_1, \ldots, a_n) \in k^n$ is a zero for every polynomial in $m$. + Since the ideal $(X_1 - a_1, \ldots, X_n - a_n)$ is maximal and contained in $m$, they must be equal, ie. $m = (X_1 - a_1, \ldots, X_n - a_n)$. (as in \ref{5.2}) - Since $J \subseteq m$, $P$ is also a zero for every polynomial in $J$.\\ - $\Longrightarrow~$ thus $P \in V(J)$, and thus $V(J) \neq \emptyset$. + Therefore, $P=(a_1, \ldots, a_n) \in k^n$ is a zero for every polynomial in $m$, + $$f \in m ~\Longleftrightarrow~ f(P)=0$$ + + Since $J \subseteq m$, $P$ is also a zero for every polynomial in $J$, ie. every element of $J$ vanishes at $P$.\\ + $\Longrightarrow~$ therefore $P \in V(J)$, and thus $V(J) \neq \emptyset$. \item $I(V(J)) = rad J$:\\ \begin{align*}