diff --git a/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.pdf b/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.pdf index 0da5f53..0dbd023 100644 Binary files a/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.pdf and b/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.pdf differ diff --git a/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.tex b/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.tex index a3f5257..c2ca2b5 100644 --- a/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.tex +++ b/abstract-algebra-charles-pinter-notes.tex @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ citecolor=black, filecolor=black, linkcolor=black, - urlcolor=black + urlcolor=blue } \theoremstyle{definition} @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ Quotient group construction is useful as a way of actually manufacturing all the \end{theorem} -\section{Rings} +\section{Rings and Fields} \begin{definition}[Ring] A set $A$ with operations called \emph{addition} and \emph{multiplication} which satisfy the following axioms: @@ -312,6 +312,19 @@ Quotient group construction is useful as a way of actually manufacturing all the If $A$ is a commutative ring with unity in which every nonzero element is invertible, $A$ is called a \emph{field}. \end{definition} +\begin{theorem}[Finite Field must be over p prime ($\mathbb{F}_p$)] + Proof from \href{https://github.com/aragonzkresearch/blog/blob/main/pdf/Aragon_Math_Seminar.pdf}{Matan Prasma seminars}:\\ + One of the axioms of a field is $\exists$ multiplicative inverse.\\ + If $\mathbb{Z}_n$ with $n$ no prime, then $n= k \cdot l$ for some $1 \leq k,~l \leq n-1$.\\ + Then in $\mathbb{Z}_n$, $k \cdot l = 0$, but if $k \cdot l=0$ means that either $k=0$ or $l=0$ (otherwise, we could multiply by (eg) $k^{-1}$ and get $k^{-1} \cdot k \cdot l = k^{-1} \cdot 0$, which leads to $1 \cdot l = 0$).\\ + which is a contradiction here (since $1 \leq k,~l \leq n-1$).\\ + Thus $\mathbb{Z}_n$ with $n$ not prime can not be a field.\\ + Conversely, if $n = p$ prime,\\ + for $0 \neq x \in \mathbb{Z}_p$, $gcd(x, p)=1$, so Extended Euclidean Algorithm gives $u, v \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that $u x + v p = 1$.\\ + Then, $ux=1 \pmod p$, so $u=x^{-1}$, so inverses exist.\\ + Thus $\mathbb{Z}_p$ is a field. +\end{theorem} + \begin{definition}[Divisor of zero] In any ring, a nonzero element a is called a \emph{divisor of zero} if there is a nonzero element b in the ring such that the product ab or ba is equal to @@ -347,7 +360,7 @@ Every field is an integral domain, but the converse is not true (eg. $\mathbb{Z} \begin{definition}[Characteristic n] Let $A$ be a ring with unity, the \emph{characteristic} of $A$ is the least positive integer $n$ such that - $$1 + 1 + \cdots + 1 = 0$$ + $$\underbrace{1 + 1 + \cdots + 1}_{n-times} = 0$$ If there is no such positive integer $n$, $A$ has characteristic $0$. \end{definition}