miden-crypto/benches

Miden VM Hash Functions

In the Miden VM, we make use of different hash functions. Some of these are "traditional" hash functions, like BLAKE3, which are optimized for out-of-STARK performance, while others are algebraic hash functions, like Rescue Prime, and are more optimized for a better performance inside the STARK. In what follows, we benchmark several such hash functions and compare against other constructions that are used by other proving systems. More precisely, we benchmark:

• BLAKE3 as specified here and implemented here (with a wrapper exposed via this crate).
• SHA3 as specified here and implemented here.
• Poseidon as specified here and implemented here (but in pure Rust, without vectorized instructions).
• Rescue Prime (RP) as specified here and implemented here.
• Rescue Prime Optimized (RPO) as specified here and implemented in this crate.

Comparison and Instructions

Comparison

We benchmark the above hash functions using two scenarios. The first is a 2-to-1 $(a,b)\mapsto h(a,b)$ hashing where both $a$, $b$ and $h(a,b)$ are the digests corresponding to each of the hash functions. The second scenario is that of sequential hashing where we take a sequence of length $100$ field elements and hash these to produce a single digest. The digests are $4$ field elements in a prime field with modulus $2^{64} - 2^{32} + 1$ (i.e., 32 bytes) for Poseidon, Rescue Prime and RPO, and an array [u8; 32] for SHA3 and BLAKE3.

Scenario 1: 2-to-1 hashing h(a,b)

Function	BLAKE3	SHA3	Poseidon	Rp64_256	RPO_256
Apple M1 Pro	80 ns	245 ns	1.5 us	9.1 us	5.4 us
Apple M2	76 ns	233 ns	1.3 us	7.9 us	5.0 us
Amazon Graviton 3	116 ns				8.8 us
AMD Ryzen 9 5950X	64 ns	273 ns	1.2 us	9.1 us	5.5 us
Intel Core i5-8279U	80 ns				8.7 us
Intel Xeon 8375C	67 ns				8.2 us

Scenario 2: Sequential hashing of 100 elements h([a_0,...,a_99])

Function	BLAKE3	SHA3	Poseidon	Rp64_256	RPO_256
Apple M1 Pro	1.0 us	1.5 us	19.4 us	118 us	70 us
Apple M2	1.0 us	1.5 us	17.4 us	103 us	65 us
Amazon Graviton 3	1.4 us				114 us
AMD Ryzen 9 5950X	0.8 us	1.7 us	15.7 us	120 us	72 us
Intel Core i5-8279U	1.0 us				116 us
Intel Xeon 8375C	0.8 ns				110 us

Instructions

Before you can run the benchmarks, you'll need to make sure you have Rust installed. After that, to run the benchmarks for RPO and BLAKE3, clone the current repository, and from the root directory of the repo run the following:

cargo bench hash

To run the benchmarks for Rescue Prime, Poseidon and SHA3, clone the following repository as above, then checkout the hash-functions-benches branch, and from the root directory of the repo run the following:

cargo bench hash