diff --git a/math/src/poly.rs b/math/src/poly.rs
index 8faa8f1..5953c34 100644
--- a/math/src/poly.rs
+++ b/math/src/poly.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod poly;
+use std::cmp::min;
 use std::cmp::PartialEq;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq)]
@@ -38,6 +39,11 @@ where
         self.0.resize(n, O::default());
     }
 
+    pub fn set(&mut self, v: &[O]) {
+        let size: usize = min(v.len(), self.n());
+        self.0[..size].copy_from_slice(&v[..size]);
+    }
+
     pub fn fill(&mut self, v: &O) {
         self.0.fill(*v)
     }
diff --git a/math/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs b/math/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs
index 6a426ff..e57f0cb 100644
--- a/math/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs
+++ b/math/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 pub mod automorphism;
-pub mod packing;
 pub mod rescaling_rns;
 pub mod ring;
 pub mod ring_rns;
 pub mod sampling;
-pub mod trace;
 pub mod utils;
diff --git a/math/src/ring/impl_u64/packing.rs b/math/src/ring/impl_u64/packing.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index fb2f32f..0000000
--- a/math/src/ring/impl_u64/packing.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,318 +0,0 @@
-use crate::modulus::barrett::Barrett;
-use crate::modulus::montgomery::Montgomery;
-use crate::modulus::ONCE;
-use crate::poly::Poly;
-use crate::ring::Ring;
-use std::cmp::min;
-
-impl Ring<u64> {
-    pub fn pack<const ZEROGARBAGE: bool, const NTT: bool>(
-        &self,
-        polys: &mut Vec<Option<&mut Poly<u64>>>,
-        log_gap: usize,
-    ) {
-        let log_n: usize = self.log_n();
-        let log_nth_root: usize = log_n + 1;
-        let nth_root: usize = 1 << log_nth_root;
-        let log_start: usize = log_n - log_gap;
-        let mut log_end: usize = log_n;
-
-        let mut indices: Vec<usize> = Vec::<usize>::new();
-
-        // Retrives non-empty indexes
-        polys.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, poly)| {
-            if !poly.is_none() {
-                indices.push(i);
-            }
-        });
-
-        let gap: usize = max_gap(&indices);
-
-        if !ZEROGARBAGE {
-            if gap > 0 {
-                log_end -= gap.trailing_zeros() as usize;
-            }
-        }
-
-        assert!(
-            log_start < log_end,
-            "invalid input polys: gap between non None value is smaller than 2^log_gap"
-        );
-
-        let n_inv: Barrett<u64> = self
-            .modulus
-            .barrett
-            .prepare(self.modulus.inv(1 << (log_end - log_start)));
-
-        indices.iter().for_each(|i| {
-            if let Some(poly) = polys[*i].as_deref_mut() {
-                if !NTT {
-                    self.ntt_inplace::<true>(poly);
-                }
-                self.a_mul_b_scalar_barrett_into_a::<ONCE>(&n_inv, poly);
-            }
-        });
-
-        let x_pow2: Vec<Poly<Montgomery<u64>>> = self.gen_x_pow_2::<true, false>(log_n);
-        let mut tmpa: Poly<u64> = self.new_poly();
-        let mut tmpb: Poly<u64> = self.new_poly();
-
-        for i in log_start..log_end {
-            let t: usize = 1 << (log_n - 1 - i);
-
-            let (polys_lo, polys_hi) = polys.split_at_mut(t);
-
-            for j in 0..t {
-                if let Some(poly_hi) = polys_hi[j].as_mut() {
-                    self.a_mul_b_montgomery_into_a::<ONCE>(&x_pow2[log_n - i - 1], poly_hi);
-
-                    if let Some(poly_lo) = polys_lo[j].as_mut() {
-                        self.a_sub_b_into_c::<1, ONCE>(poly_lo, poly_hi, &mut tmpa);
-                        self.a_add_b_into_b::<ONCE>(poly_hi, poly_lo);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if let Some(poly_lo) = polys_lo[j].as_mut() {
-                    let gal_el: usize = self.galois_element((1 << i) >> 1, i == 0, log_nth_root);
-
-                    if !polys_hi[j].is_none() {
-                        self.a_apply_automorphism_add_b_into_b::<ONCE, true>(
-                            &tmpa,
-                            gal_el,
-                            2 << self.log_n(),
-                            poly_lo,
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        self.a_apply_automorphism_into_b::<true>(
-                            poly_lo, gal_el, nth_root, &mut tmpa,
-                        );
-                        self.a_add_b_into_b::<ONCE>(&tmpa, poly_lo);
-                    }
-                } else if let Some(poly_hi) = polys_hi[j].as_mut() {
-                    let gal_el: usize = self.galois_element((1 << i) >> 1, i == 0, log_nth_root);
-                    self.a_apply_automorphism_into_b::<true>(poly_hi, gal_el, nth_root, &mut tmpa);
-                    self.a_sub_b_into_a::<1, ONCE>(&tmpa, poly_hi);
-                    std::mem::swap(&mut polys_lo[j], &mut polys_hi[j]);
-                }
-            }
-
-            polys.truncate(t);
-        }
-
-        if !NTT {
-            if let Some(poly) = polys[0].as_mut() {
-                self.intt_inplace::<false>(poly);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Returns the largest gap between two values in an ordered array of distinct values.
-// Panics if the array is not ordered or values are not distincts.
-fn max_gap(vec: &[usize]) -> usize {
-    let mut gap: usize = usize::MAX;
-    for i in 1..vec.len() {
-        let (l, r) = (vec[i - 1], vec[i]);
-        assert!(
-            r > l,
-            "invalid input vec: not sorted or collision between indices"
-        );
-        gap = min(gap, r - l);
-        if gap == 1 {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    gap
-}
-
-
-pub struct StreamRepacker {
-    accumulators: Vec<Accumulator>,
-    tmp_a: Poly<u64>,
-    tmp_b: Poly<u64>,
-    x_pow_2: Vec<Poly<Montgomery<u64>>>,
-    n_inv: Barrett<u64>,
-    pub results: Vec<Poly<u64>>,
-    counter: usize,
-}
-
-pub struct Accumulator {
-    buf: Poly<u64>,
-    value: bool,
-    control: bool,
-}
-
-impl Accumulator {
-    pub fn new(r: &Ring<u64>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            buf: r.new_poly(),
-            value: false,
-            control: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl StreamRepacker {
-    pub fn new(r: &Ring<u64>) -> Self {
-        let mut accumulators: Vec<Accumulator> = Vec::<Accumulator>::new();
-
-        (0..r.log_n()).for_each(|_| accumulators.push(Accumulator::new(r)));
-
-        Self {
-            accumulators: accumulators,
-            tmp_a: r.new_poly(),
-            tmp_b: r.new_poly(),
-            x_pow_2: r.gen_x_pow_2::<true, false>(r.log_n()),
-            n_inv: r.modulus.barrett.prepare(r.modulus.inv(r.n() as u64)),
-            results: Vec::<Poly<u64>>::new(),
-            counter: 0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
-        for i in 0..self.accumulators.len() {
-            self.accumulators[i].value = false;
-            self.accumulators[i].control = false;
-        }
-        self.counter = 0;
-    }
-
-    pub fn add<const NTT: bool>(&mut self, r: &Ring<u64>, a: Option<&Poly<u64>>) {
-        assert!(NTT, "invalid parameterization: const NTT must be true");
-        pack_core::<NTT>(
-            r,
-            a,
-            &mut self.accumulators,
-            &self.n_inv,
-            &self.x_pow_2,
-            &mut self.tmp_a,
-            &mut self.tmp_b,
-            0,
-        );
-        self.counter += 1;
-        if self.counter == r.n() {
-            self.results
-                .push(self.accumulators[r.log_n() - 1].buf.clone());
-            self.reset();
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn flush<const NTT: bool>(&mut self, r: &Ring<u64>) {
-        assert!(NTT, "invalid parameterization: const NTT must be true");
-        if self.counter != 0 {
-            while self.counter != r.n() - 1 {
-                self.add::<NTT>(r, None);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn pack_core<const NTT: bool>(
-    r: &Ring<u64>,
-    a: Option<&Poly<u64>>,
-    accumulators: &mut [Accumulator],
-    n_inv: &Barrett<u64>,
-    x_pow_2: &[Poly<u64>],
-    tmp_a: &mut Poly<u64>,
-    tmp_b: &mut Poly<u64>,
-    i: usize,
-) {
-    if i == r.log_n() {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let (acc_prev, acc_next) = accumulators.split_at_mut(1);
-
-    if !acc_prev[0].control {
-        let acc_mut_ref: &mut Accumulator = &mut acc_prev[0]; // from split_at_mut
-
-        if let Some(a_ref) = a {
-            acc_mut_ref.buf.copy_from(a_ref);
-            acc_mut_ref.value = true
-        } else {
-            acc_mut_ref.value = false
-        }
-        acc_mut_ref.control = true;
-    } else {
-        combine::<true>(r, &mut acc_prev[0], a, n_inv, x_pow_2, tmp_a, tmp_b, i);
-        acc_prev[0].control = false;
-
-        if acc_prev[0].value {
-            pack_core::<NTT>(
-                r,
-                Some(&acc_prev[0].buf),
-                acc_next,
-                n_inv,
-                x_pow_2,
-                tmp_a,
-                tmp_b,
-                i + 1,
-            );
-        } else {
-            pack_core::<NTT>(r, None, acc_next, n_inv, x_pow_2, tmp_a, tmp_b, i + 1);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn combine<const NTT: bool>(
-    r: &Ring<u64>,
-    acc: &mut Accumulator,
-    b: Option<&Poly<u64>>,
-    n_inv: &Barrett<u64>,
-    x_pow_2: &[Poly<u64>],
-    tmp_a: &mut Poly<u64>,
-    tmp_b: &mut Poly<u64>,
-    i: usize,
-) {
-    let log_n = r.log_n();
-    let log_nth_root = log_n + 1;
-    let nth_root = 1 << log_nth_root;
-    let gal_el: usize = r.galois_element((1 << i) >> 1, i == 0, log_nth_root);
-
-    let a: &mut Poly<u64> = &mut acc.buf;
-
-    if acc.value {
-        if i == 0 {
-            r.a_mul_b_scalar_barrett_into_a::<ONCE>(n_inv, a);
-        }
-
-        if let Some(b) = b {
-            // tmp_a = b * X^t
-            r.a_mul_b_montgomery_into_c::<ONCE>(b, &x_pow_2[log_n - i - 1], tmp_a);
-
-            if i == 0 {
-                r.a_mul_b_scalar_barrett_into_a::<ONCE>(&n_inv, tmp_a);
-            }
-
-            // tmp_b = a - b*X^t
-            r.a_sub_b_into_c::<1, ONCE>(a, tmp_a, tmp_b);
-
-            // a = a + b * X^t
-            r.a_add_b_into_b::<ONCE>(tmp_a, a);
-
-            // a = a + b * X^t + phi(a - b * X^t)
-            r.a_apply_automorphism_add_b_into_b::<ONCE, NTT>(tmp_b, gal_el, nth_root, a);
-        } else {
-            // tmp_a = phi(a)
-            r.a_apply_automorphism_into_b::<NTT>(a, gal_el, nth_root, tmp_a);
-            // a = a + phi(a)
-            r.a_add_b_into_b::<ONCE>(tmp_a, a);
-        }
-    } else {
-        if let Some(b) = b {
-            // tmp_b = b * X^t
-            r.a_mul_b_montgomery_into_c::<ONCE>(b, &x_pow_2[log_n - i - 1], tmp_b);
-
-            if i == 0 {
-                r.a_mul_b_scalar_barrett_into_a::<ONCE>(&n_inv, tmp_b);
-            }
-
-            // tmp_a = phi(b * X^t)
-            r.a_apply_automorphism_into_b::<NTT>(tmp_b, gal_el, nth_root, tmp_a);
-
-            // a = (b* X^t - phi(b* X^t))
-            r.a_sub_b_into_c::<1, ONCE>(tmp_b, tmp_a, a);
-            acc.value = true
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/math/src/ring/impl_u64/trace.rs b/math/src/ring/impl_u64/trace.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4740dfc..0000000
--- a/math/src/ring/impl_u64/trace.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-use crate::modulus::barrett::Barrett;
-use crate::modulus::ONCE;
-use crate::poly::Poly;
-use crate::ring::Ring;
-
-impl Ring<u64> {
-    pub fn trace_inplace<const NTT: bool>(&self, step_start: usize, a: &mut Poly<u64>) {
-        assert!(
-            step_start <= self.log_n(),
-            "invalid argument step_start: step_start={} > self.log_n()={}",
-            step_start,
-            self.log_n()
-        );
-
-        let log_steps: usize = self.log_n() - step_start;
-        let log_nth_root = self.log_n() + 1;
-        let nth_root: usize = 1 << log_nth_root;
-
-        if log_steps > 0 {
-            let n_inv: Barrett<u64> = self
-                .modulus
-                .barrett
-                .prepare(self.modulus.inv(1 << log_steps));
-            self.a_mul_b_scalar_barrett_into_a::<ONCE>(&n_inv, a);
-
-            let mut tmp: Poly<u64> = self.new_poly();
-
-            (step_start..self.log_n()).for_each(|i| {
-                let gal_el: usize = self.galois_element((1 << i) >> 1, i == 0, log_nth_root);
-
-                self.a_apply_automorphism_into_b::<NTT>(a, gal_el, nth_root, &mut tmp);
-                self.a_add_b_into_b::<ONCE>(&tmp, a);
-            });
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/math/tests/automorphism.rs b/math/tests/automorphism.rs
index 7ea4144..cefb691 100644
--- a/math/tests/automorphism.rs
+++ b/math/tests/automorphism.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use itertools::izip;
-use math::modulus::WordOps;
 use math::poly::Poly;
-use math::ring::impl_u64::packing::StreamRepacker;
 use math::ring::Ring;
 
 #[test]
@@ -53,159 +51,3 @@ fn test_automorphism_u64<const NTT: bool>(ring: &Ring<u64>, nth_root: usize) {
 
     izip!(p0.0, p1.0).for_each(|(a, b)| assert_eq!(a, b));
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn packing_u64() {
-    let n: usize = 1 << 5;
-    let q_base: u64 = 65537u64;
-    let q_power: usize = 1usize;
-    let ring: Ring<u64> = Ring::new(n, q_base, q_power);
-
-    sub_test("test_packing_u64::<NTT:false>", || {
-        test_packing_sparse_u64::<false>(&ring, 1)
-    });
-    sub_test("test_packing_u64::<NTT:true>", || {
-        test_packing_sparse_u64::<true>(&ring, 1)
-    });
-    sub_test("test_packing_sparse_u64::<NTT:false>", || {
-        test_packing_sparse_u64::<false>(&ring, 3)
-    });
-    sub_test("test_packing_sparse_u64::<NTT:true>", || {
-        test_packing_sparse_u64::<true>(&ring, 3)
-    });
-}
-
-fn test_packing_sparse_u64<const NTT: bool>(ring: &Ring<u64>, gap: usize) {
-    let n: usize = ring.n();
-
-    let mut result: Vec<Option<&mut Poly<u64>>> = Vec::with_capacity(n);
-    result.resize_with(n, || None);
-
-    let mut polys: Vec<Poly<u64>> = vec![ring.new_poly(); (n+gap-1)/gap];
-
-    polys.iter_mut().enumerate().for_each(|(i , poly)|{
-        poly.fill(&((1 + i*gap) as u64));
-        if NTT {
-            ring.ntt_inplace::<false>(poly);
-        }
-        result[i*gap] = Some(poly);
-    });
-
-    ring.pack::<true, NTT>(&mut result, ring.log_n());
-
-    if let Some(poly) = result[0].as_mut() {
-
-        if NTT {
-            ring.intt_inplace::<false>(poly);
-        }
-
-        poly.0.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, x)| {
-            if i % gap == 0 {
-                assert_eq!(*x, (1+i) as u64)
-            } else {
-                assert_eq!(*x, 0u64)
-            }
-        });
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn packing_streaming_u64() {
-    let n: usize = 1 << 5;
-    let q_base: u64 = 65537u64;
-    let q_power: usize = 1usize;
-    let ring: Ring<u64> = Ring::new(n, q_base, q_power);
-
-    sub_test("test_packing_streaming_dense_u64::<NTT:true>", || {
-        test_packing_streaming_dense_u64::<true>(&ring)
-    });
-}
-
-fn test_packing_streaming_dense_u64<const NTT: bool>(ring: &Ring<u64>) {
-    let n: usize = ring.n();
-
-    let mut values: Vec<u64> = vec![0; n];
-    values
-        .iter_mut()
-        .enumerate()
-        .for_each(|(i, x)| *x = (i + 1) as u64);
-
-    let gap: usize = 3;
-
-    let mut packer = StreamRepacker::new(ring);
-
-    let mut poly: Poly<u64> = ring.new_poly();
-    for i in 0..n {
-        let i_rev: usize = i.reverse_bits_msb(ring.log_n() as u32);
-
-        if i_rev % gap == 0 {
-            poly.fill(&values[i_rev]);
-            if NTT {
-                ring.ntt_inplace::<false>(&mut poly);
-            }
-            packer.add::<NTT>(ring, Some(&poly))
-        } else {
-            packer.add::<NTT>(ring, None)
-        }
-    }
-
-    packer.flush::<NTT>(ring);
-
-    let result: &mut Poly<u64> = &mut packer.results[0];
-
-    if NTT {
-        ring.intt_inplace::<false>(result);
-    }
-
-    result.0.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, x)| {
-        if i % gap == 0 {
-            assert_eq!(*x, values[i] as u64)
-        } else {
-            assert_eq!(*x, 0u64)
-        }
-    });
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn trace_u64() {
-    let n: usize = 1 << 5;
-    let q_base: u64 = 65537u64;
-    let q_power: usize = 1usize;
-    let ring: Ring<u64> = Ring::new(n, q_base, q_power);
-
-    sub_test("test_trace::<NTT:false>", || test_trace_u64::<false>(&ring));
-    sub_test("test_trace::<NTT:true>", || test_trace_u64::<true>(&ring));
-}
-
-fn test_trace_u64<const NTT: bool>(ring: &Ring<u64>) {
-    let n: usize = ring.n();
-
-    let mut poly: Poly<u64> = ring.new_poly();
-
-    poly.0
-        .iter_mut()
-        .enumerate()
-        .for_each(|(i, x)| *x = (i + 1) as u64);
-
-    if NTT {
-        ring.ntt_inplace::<false>(&mut poly);
-    }
-
-    let step_start: usize = 2;
-
-    ring.trace_inplace::<NTT>(step_start, &mut poly);
-
-    if NTT {
-        ring.intt_inplace::<false>(&mut poly);
-    }
-
-    let gap: usize = 1 << (ring.log_n() - step_start);
-
-    poly.0.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, x)| {
-        if i % gap == 0 {
-            assert_eq!(*x, 1 + i as u64)
-        } else {
-            assert_eq!(*x, 0u64)
-        }
-    });
-}