diff --git a/benches/ntt.rs b/benches/ntt.rs
index e763ec5..5cc1a65 100644
--- a/benches/ntt.rs
+++ b/benches/ntt.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use math::{modulus::prime::Prime,dft::ntt::Table};
 use math::dft::DFT;
 
 fn forward_inplace(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: &mut Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()+ '_> {
-        let ntt_table: Table<'_, u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
+    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()> {
+        let ntt_table: Table<u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
         let mut a: Vec<u64> = vec![0; (nth_root >> 1) as usize];
         for i in 0..a.len(){
             a[i] = i as u64;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn forward_inplace(c: &mut Criterion) {
 
         let runners = [
             ("prime", {
-                runner::<Table<'_, u64>>(&mut prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
+                runner::<Table<u64>>(prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
             }),
         ];
         for (name, mut runner) in runners {
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ fn forward_inplace(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 fn forward_inplace_lazy(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: &mut Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()+ '_> {
-        let ntt_table: Table<'_, u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
+    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()> {
+        let ntt_table: Table<u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
         let mut a: Vec<u64> = vec![0; (nth_root >> 1) as usize];
         for i in 0..a.len(){
             a[i] = i as u64;
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ fn forward_inplace_lazy(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut b: criterion::BenchmarkGroup<'_, criterion::measurement::WallTime> = c.benchmark_group("forward_inplace_lazy");
     for log_nth_root in 11..17 {
 
-        let mut prime_instance: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(0x1fffffffffe00001, 1);
+        let prime_instance: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(0x1fffffffffe00001, 1);
 
         let runners = [
             ("prime", {
-                runner::<Table<'_, u64>>(&mut prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
+                runner::<Table<u64>>(prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
             }),
         ];
         for (name, mut runner) in runners {
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ fn forward_inplace_lazy(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 fn backward_inplace(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: &mut Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()+ '_> {
-        let ntt_table: Table<'_, u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
+    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()> {
+        let ntt_table: Table<u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
         let mut a: Vec<u64> = vec![0; (nth_root >> 1) as usize];
         for i in 0..a.len(){
             a[i] = i as u64;
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ fn backward_inplace(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut b: criterion::BenchmarkGroup<'_, criterion::measurement::WallTime> = c.benchmark_group("backward_inplace");
     for log_nth_root in 11..18 {
 
-        let mut prime_instance: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(0x1fffffffffe00001, 1);
+        let prime_instance: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(0x1fffffffffe00001, 1);
 
         let runners = [
             ("prime", {
-                runner::<Table<'_, u64>>(&mut prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
+                runner::<Table<u64>>(prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
             }),
         ];
         for (name, mut runner) in runners {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ fn backward_inplace(c: &mut Criterion) {
 }
 
 fn backward_inplace_lazy(c: &mut Criterion) {
-    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: &mut Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()+ '_> {
-        let ntt_table: Table<'_, u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
+    fn runner<T: DFT<u64> + 'static>(prime_instance: Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64) -> Box<dyn FnMut()> {
+        let ntt_table: Table<u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
         let mut a: Vec<u64> = vec![0; (nth_root >> 1) as usize];
         for i in 0..a.len(){
             a[i] = i as u64;
@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ fn backward_inplace_lazy(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut b: criterion::BenchmarkGroup<'_, criterion::measurement::WallTime> = c.benchmark_group("backward_inplace_lazy");
     for log_nth_root in 11..17 {
 
-        let mut prime_instance: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(0x1fffffffffe00001, 1);
+        let prime_instance: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(0x1fffffffffe00001, 1);
 
         let runners = [
             ("prime", {
-                runner::<Table<'_, u64>>(&mut prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
+                runner::<Table<u64>>(prime_instance, 1<<log_nth_root)
             }),
         ];
         for (name, mut runner) in runners {
diff --git a/examples/main.rs b/examples/main.rs
index 8b55ef6..25cb23d 100644
--- a/examples/main.rs
+++ b/examples/main.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 extern crate math;
+use math::ring::Ring;
 use math::modulus::prime::Prime;
 use math::dft::ntt::Table;
 
 fn main() {
     // Example usage of `Prime<u64>`
     let q_base: u64 = 0x1fffffffffe00001;      // Example prime base
-    let q_power: u64 = 1;     // Example power
+    let q_power: usize = 1;     // Example power
     let mut prime_instance: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(q_base, q_power);
     
     // Display the fields of `Prime` to verify
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ fn main() {
     let n: u64 = 1024;
     let nth_root: u64 = n<<1;
 
-    let ntt_table: Table<'_, u64> = Table::<u64>::new(&mut prime_instance, nth_root);
+    let ntt_table: Table<u64> = Table::<u64>::new(prime_instance, nth_root);
 
     let mut a: Vec<u64> = vec![0; (nth_root >> 1) as usize];
 
@@ -35,4 +36,6 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!("{:?}", a);
 
+    let r : Ring<u64> = Ring::<u64>::new(n as usize, q_base, q_power);
+
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dft/ntt.rs b/src/dft/ntt.rs
index bbf1d70..21ade41 100644
--- a/src/dft/ntt.rs
+++ b/src/dft/ntt.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use crate::modulus::WordOps;
 use crate::dft::DFT;
 use itertools::izip;
 
-pub struct Table<'a, O>{
-    prime:&'a Prime<O>,
+pub struct Table<O>{
+    prime:Prime<O>,
     psi_forward_rev:Vec<Shoup<u64>>,
     psi_backward_rev: Vec<Shoup<u64>>,
     q:O,
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ pub struct Table<'a, O>{
     four_q:O,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Table<'a, u64> {
-    pub fn new(prime: &'a mut Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64)->Self{
+impl Table< u64> {
+    pub fn new(prime: Prime<u64>, nth_root: u64)->Self{
 
         assert!(nth_root&(nth_root-1) == 0, "invalid argument: nth_root = {} is not a power of two", nth_root);
 
@@ -47,13 +47,15 @@ impl<'a> Table<'a, u64> {
             psi_backward_rev[i_rev] = prime.shoup.prepare(powers_backward); 
         }
 
+        let q: u64 = prime.q();
+
         Self{ 
             prime: prime, 
             psi_forward_rev: psi_forward_rev, 
             psi_backward_rev: psi_backward_rev,
-            q:prime.q(),
-            two_q:prime.q()<<1,
-            four_q:prime.q()<<2,
+            q:q,
+            two_q:q<<1,
+            four_q:q<<2,
         }
     }
 
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ impl<'a> Table<'a, u64> {
 }
 
 
-impl<'a> DFT<u64> for Table<'a,u64>{
+impl DFT<u64> for Table<u64>{
     fn forward_inplace(&self, a: &mut [u64]){
         self.forward_inplace(a)
     }
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ impl<'a> DFT<u64> for Table<'a,u64>{
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Table<'a,u64>{
+impl Table<u64>{
 
     pub fn forward_inplace_lazy(&self, a: &mut [u64]){
         self.forward_inplace_core::<true>(a);
diff --git a/src/modulus/impl_u64/prime.rs b/src/modulus/impl_u64/prime.rs
index d2c4514..9e17550 100644
--- a/src/modulus/impl_u64/prime.rs
+++ b/src/modulus/impl_u64/prime.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ impl Prime<u64>{
     /// Returns a new instance of Prime<u64>.
     /// Panics if q_base is not a prime > 2 and
     /// if q_base^q_power would overflow u64.
-    pub fn new(q_base: u64, q_power: u64) -> Self{
+    pub fn new(q_base: u64, q_power: usize) -> Self{
 		assert!(is_prime(q_base) && q_base > 2);
         Self::new_unchecked(q_base, q_power)
 	}
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ impl Prime<u64>{
     /// Returns a new instance of Prime<u64>.
     /// Does not check if q_base is a prime > 2.
     /// Panics if q_base^q_power would overflow u64.
-	pub fn new_unchecked(q_base: u64, q_power: u64) -> Self {
+	pub fn new_unchecked(q_base: u64, q_power: usize) -> Self {
 
         let mut q = q_base;
         for _i in 1..q_power{
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Prime<u64>{
             phi *= q_base
         }
 
-        Self {
+        let mut prime: Prime<u64> = Self {
             q:q,
             q_base:q_base,
             q_power:q_power,
@@ -39,7 +39,12 @@ impl Prime<u64>{
             montgomery:MontgomeryPrecomp::new(q),
             shoup:ShoupPrecomp::new(q),
             phi:phi,
-        }
+        };
+
+        prime.check_factors();
+
+        prime
+
     }
 
     pub fn q(&self) -> u64{
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ impl Prime<u64>{
         self.q_base
     }
 
-    pub fn q_power(&self) -> u64{
+    pub fn q_power(&self) -> usize{
         self.q_power
     }
 
@@ -84,9 +89,7 @@ impl Prime<u64>{
 
 impl Prime<u64>{
     /// Returns the smallest nth primitive root of q_base.
-    pub fn primitive_root(&mut self) -> u64{
-
-        self.check_factors();
+    pub fn primitive_root(&self) -> u64{
 
         let mut candidate: u64 = 1u64;
         let mut not_found: bool = true;
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@ impl Prime<u64>{
     }
 
     /// Returns an nth primitive root of q = q_base^q_power in Montgomery.
-    pub fn primitive_nth_root(&mut self, nth_root:u64) -> u64{
+    pub fn primitive_nth_root(&self, nth_root:u64) -> u64{
 
         assert!(self.q & (nth_root-1) == 1, "invalid prime: q = {} % nth_root = {} = {} != 1", self.q, nth_root, self.q & (nth_root-1));
 
diff --git a/src/modulus/prime.rs b/src/modulus/prime.rs
index ed1c9eb..d051763 100644
--- a/src/modulus/prime.rs
+++ b/src/modulus/prime.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use crate::modulus::montgomery::{MontgomeryPrecomp, Montgomery};
-use crate::modulus::shoup::{ShoupPrecomp};
-
+use crate::modulus::montgomery::MontgomeryPrecomp;
+use crate::modulus::shoup::ShoupPrecomp;
 
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct Prime<O> {
 	pub q: O, /// q_base^q_powers
     pub q_base: O,
-    pub q_power: O,
+    pub q_power: usize,
     pub factors: Vec<O>, /// distinct factors of q-1
     pub montgomery: MontgomeryPrecomp<O>,
     pub shoup:ShoupPrecomp<O>,
diff --git a/src/modulus/shoup.rs b/src/modulus/shoup.rs
index 246d6e8..901be14 100644
--- a/src/modulus/shoup.rs
+++ b/src/modulus/shoup.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ impl<O> Shoup<O> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ShoupPrecomp<O>{
     pub q: O,
     pub one: Shoup<O>,
diff --git a/src/ring.rs b/src/ring.rs
index a0119da..d26868b 100644
--- a/src/ring.rs
+++ b/src/ring.rs
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ use crate::dft::DFT;
 pub struct Ring<O>{
     pub n:usize,
     pub modulus:Prime<O>,
-    pub dft:dyn DFT<O>,
+    pub dft:Box<dyn DFT<O>>,
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs b/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs
index 6235b7d..f21c8c0 100644
--- a/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ring/impl_u64/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-pub mod automorphism;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub mod automorphism;
+pub mod ring;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/ring/impl_u64/ring.rs b/src/ring/impl_u64/ring.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..debdcf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ring/impl_u64/ring.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use crate::ring::Ring;
+use crate::dft::ntt::Table;
+use crate::modulus::prime::Prime;
+use crate::poly::Poly;
+
+impl Ring<u64>{
+    pub fn new(n:usize, q_base:u64, q_power:usize) -> Self{
+        let prime: Prime<u64> = Prime::<u64>::new(q_base, q_power);
+        Self {
+            n: n,
+            modulus: prime.clone(),
+            dft: Box::new(Table::<u64>::new(prime, (2 * n) as u64)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn n(&self) -> usize{
+        return self.n
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_poly(&self) -> Poly<u64>{
+        Poly::<u64>::new(self.n())
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file