/*!
 * Module dependencies.
 */

var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter
  , setMaxListeners = EventEmitter.prototype.setMaxListeners
  , MongooseError = require('./error')
  , MixedSchema = require('./schema/mixed')
  , Schema = require('./schema')
  , ValidatorError = require('./schematype').ValidatorError
  , utils = require('./utils')
  , clone = utils.clone
  , isMongooseObject = utils.isMongooseObject
  , inspect = require('util').inspect
  , ElemMatchError = MongooseError.ElemMatchError
  , ValidationError = MongooseError.ValidationError
  , DocumentError = MongooseError.DocumentError
  , InternalCache = require('./internal')
  , deepEqual = utils.deepEqual
  , hooks = require('hooks')
  , DocumentArray
  , MongooseArray
  , Embedded

/**
 * Document constructor.
 *
 * @param {Object} obj the values to set
 * @param {Object} [opts] optional object containing the fields which were selected in the query returning this document and any populated paths data
 * @param {Boolean} [skipId] bool, should we auto create an ObjectId _id
 * @inherits NodeJS EventEmitter http://nodejs.org/api/events.html#events_class_events_eventemitter
 * @event `init`: Emitted on a document after it has was retreived from the db and fully hydrated by Mongoose.
 * @event `save`: Emitted when the document is successfully saved
 * @api private
 */

function Document (obj, fields, skipId) {
  this.$__ = new InternalCache;
  this.isNew = true;
  this.errors = undefined;

  var schema = this.schema;

  if ('boolean' === typeof fields) {
    this.$__.strictMode = fields;
    fields = undefined;
  } else {
    this.$__.strictMode = schema.options && schema.options.strict;
    this.$__.selected = fields;
  }

  var required = schema.requiredPaths();
  for (var i = 0; i < required.length; ++i) {
    this.$__.activePaths.require(required[i]);
  }

  setMaxListeners.call(this, 0);
  this._doc = this.$__buildDoc(obj, fields, skipId);

  if (obj) {
    this.set(obj, undefined, true);
  }

  this.$__registerHooks();
}

/*!
 * Inherit from EventEmitter.
 */

Document.prototype.__proto__ = EventEmitter.prototype;

/**
 * The documents schema.
 *
 * @api public
 * @property schema
 */

Document.prototype.schema;

/**
 * Boolean flag specifying if the document is new.
 *
 * @api public
 * @property isNew
 */

Document.prototype.isNew;

/**
 * The string version of this documents _id.
 *
 * ####Note:
 *
 * This getter exists on all documents by default. The getter can be disabled by setting the `id` [option](/docs/guide.html#id) of its `Schema` to false at construction time.
 *
 *     new Schema({ name: String }, { id: false });
 *
 * @api public
 * @see Schema options /docs/guide.html#options
 * @property id
 */

Document.prototype.id;

/**
 * Hash containing current validation errors.
 *
 * @api public
 * @property errors
 */

Document.prototype.errors;

/**
 * Builds the default doc structure
 *
 * @param {Object} obj
 * @param {Object} [fields]
 * @param {Boolean} [skipId]
 * @return {Object}
 * @api private
 * @method $__buildDoc
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__buildDoc = function (obj, fields, skipId) {
  var doc = {}
    , self = this
    , exclude
    , keys
    , key
    , ki

  // determine if this doc is a result of a query with
  // excluded fields
  if (fields && 'Object' === fields.constructor.name) {
    keys = Object.keys(fields);
    ki = keys.length;

    while (ki--) {
      if ('_id' !== keys[ki]) {
        exclude = 0 === fields[keys[ki]];
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  var paths = Object.keys(this.schema.paths)
    , plen = paths.length
    , ii = 0

  for (; ii < plen; ++ii) {
    var p = paths[ii];

    if ('_id' == p) {
      if (skipId) continue;
      if (obj && '_id' in obj) continue;
    }

    var type = this.schema.paths[p]
      , path = p.split('.')
      , len = path.length
      , last = len-1
      , curPath = ''
      , doc_ = doc
      , i = 0

    for (; i < len; ++i) {
      var piece = path[i]
        , def

      // support excluding intermediary levels
      if (exclude) {
        curPath += piece;
        if (curPath in fields) break;
        curPath += '.';
      }

      if (i === last) {
        if (fields) {
          if (exclude) {
            // apply defaults to all non-excluded fields
            if (p in fields) continue;

            def = type.getDefault(self, true);
            if ('undefined' !== typeof def) {
              doc_[piece] = def;
              self.$__.activePaths.default(p);
            }

          } else if (p in fields) {
            // selected field
            def = type.getDefault(self, true);
            if ('undefined' !== typeof def) {
              doc_[piece] = def;
              self.$__.activePaths.default(p);
            }
          }
        } else {
          def = type.getDefault(self, true);
          if ('undefined' !== typeof def) {
            doc_[piece] = def;
            self.$__.activePaths.default(p);
          }
        }
      } else {
        doc_ = doc_[piece] || (doc_[piece] = {});
      }
    }
  };

  return doc;
};

/**
 * Initializes the document without setters or marking anything modified.
 *
 * Called internally after a document is returned from mongodb.
 *
 * @param {Object} doc document returned by mongo
 * @param {Function} fn callback
 * @api private
 */

Document.prototype.init = function (doc, opts, fn) {
  // do not prefix this method with $__ since its
  // used by public hooks

  if ('function' == typeof opts) {
    fn = opts;
    opts = null;
  }

  this.isNew = false;

  // handle docs with populated paths
  if (doc._id && opts && opts.populated && opts.populated.length) {
    var id = String(doc._id);
    for (var i = 0; i < opts.populated.length; ++i) {
      var item = opts.populated[i];
      this.populated(item.path, item._docs[id], item);
    }
  }

  init(this, doc, this._doc);
  this.$__storeShard();

  this.emit('init', this);
  if (fn) fn(null);
  return this;
};

/*!
 * Init helper.
 *
 * @param {Object} self document instance
 * @param {Object} obj raw mongodb doc
 * @param {Object} doc object we are initializing
 * @api private
 */

function init (self, obj, doc, prefix) {
  prefix = prefix || '';

  var keys = Object.keys(obj)
    , len = keys.length
    , schema
    , path
    , i;

  while (len--) {
    i = keys[len];
    path = prefix + i;
    schema = self.schema.path(path);

    if (!schema && utils.isObject(obj[i]) &&
        (!obj[i].constructor || 'Object' == obj[i].constructor.name)) {
      // assume nested object
      if (!doc[i]) doc[i] = {};
      init(self, obj[i], doc[i], path + '.');
    } else {
      if (obj[i] === null) {
        doc[i] = null;
      } else if (obj[i] !== undefined) {
        if (schema) {
          self.$__try(function(){
            doc[i] = schema.cast(obj[i], self, true);
          });
        } else {
          doc[i] = obj[i];
        }
      }
      // mark as hydrated
      self.$__.activePaths.init(path);
    }
  }
};

/**
 * Stores the current values of the shard keys.
 *
 * ####Note:
 *
 * _Shard key values do not / are not allowed to change._
 *
 * @api private
 * @method $__storeShard
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__storeShard = function () {
  // backwards compat
  var key = this.schema.options.shardKey || this.schema.options.shardkey;
  if (!(key && 'Object' == key.constructor.name)) return;

  var orig = this.$__.shardval = {}
    , paths = Object.keys(key)
    , len = paths.length
    , val

  for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
    val = this.getValue(paths[i]);
    if (isMongooseObject(val)) {
      orig[paths[i]] = val.toObject({ depopulate: true })
    } else if (null != val && val.valueOf) {
      orig[paths[i]] = val.valueOf();
    } else {
      orig[paths[i]] = val;
    }
  }
}

/*!
 * Set up middleware support
 */

for (var k in hooks) {
  Document.prototype[k] = Document[k] = hooks[k];
}

/**
 * Sends an update command with this document `_id` as the query selector.
 *
 * ####Example:
 *
 *     weirdCar.update({$inc: {wheels:1}}, { w: 1 }, callback);
 *
 * ####Valid options:
 *
 *  - same as in [Model.update](#model_Model.update)
 *
 * @see Model.update #model_Model.update
 * @param {Object} doc
 * @param {Object} options
 * @param {Function} callback
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.update = function update () {
  var args = utils.args(arguments);
  args.unshift({_id: this._id});
  return this.constructor.update.apply(this.constructor, args);
}

/**
 * Sets the value of a path, or many paths.
 *
 * ####Example:
 *
 *     // path, value
 *     doc.set(path, value)
 *
 *     // object
 *     doc.set({
 *         path  : value
 *       , path2 : {
 *            path  : value
 *         }
 *     })
 *
 *     // only-the-fly cast to number
 *     doc.set(path, value, Number)
 *
 *     // only-the-fly cast to string
 *     doc.set(path, value, String)
 *
 *     // changing strict mode behavior
 *     doc.set(path, value, { strict: false });
 *
 * @param {String|Object} path path or object of key/vals to set
 * @param {Any} val the value to set
 * @param {Schema|String|Number|Buffer|etc..} [type] optionally specify a type for "on-the-fly" attributes
 * @param {Object} [options] optionally specify options that modify the behavior of the set
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.set = function (path, val, type, options) {
  if (type && 'Object' == type.constructor.name) {
    options = type;
    type = undefined;
  }

  var merge = options && options.merge
    , adhoc = type && true !== type
    , constructing = true === type
    , adhocs

  var strict = options && 'strict' in options
    ? options.strict
    : this.$__.strictMode;

  if (adhoc) {
    adhocs = this.$__.adhocPaths || (this.$__.adhocPaths = {});
    adhocs[path] = Schema.interpretAsType(path, type);
  }

  if ('string' !== typeof path) {
    // new Document({ key: val })

    if (null === path || undefined === path) {
      var _ = path;
      path = val;
      val = _;

    } else {
      var prefix = val
        ? val + '.'
        : '';

      if (path instanceof Document) path = path._doc;

      var keys = Object.keys(path)
        , i = keys.length
        , pathtype
        , key


      while (i--) {
        key = keys[i];
        pathtype = this.schema.pathType(prefix + key);
        if (null != path[key]
            // need to know if plain object - no Buffer, ObjectId, ref, etc
            && utils.isObject(path[key])
            && (!path[key].constructor || 'Object' == path[key].constructor.name)
            && 'virtual' != pathtype
            && !(this.$__path(prefix + key) instanceof MixedSchema)
            && !(this.schema.paths[key] && this.schema.paths[key].options.ref)
          ) {
          this.set(path[key], prefix + key, constructing);
        } else if (strict) {
          if ('real' === pathtype || 'virtual' === pathtype) {
            this.set(prefix + key, path[key], constructing);
          } else if ('throw' == strict) {
            throw new Error("Field `" + key + "` is not in schema.");
          }
        } else if (undefined !== path[key]) {
          this.set(prefix + key, path[key], constructing);
        }
      }

      return this;
    }
  }

  // ensure _strict is honored for obj props
  // docschema = new Schema({ path: { nest: 'string' }})
  // doc.set('path', obj);
  var pathType = this.schema.pathType(path);
  if ('nested' == pathType && val && utils.isObject(val) &&
      (!val.constructor || 'Object' == val.constructor.name)) {
    if (!merge) this.setValue(path, null);
    this.set(val, path, constructing);
    return this;
  }

  var schema;
  var parts = path.split('.');

  if ('adhocOrUndefined' == pathType && strict) {

    // check for roots that are Mixed types
    var mixed;

    for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; ++i) {
      var subpath = parts.slice(0, i+1).join('.');
      schema = this.schema.path(subpath);
      if (schema instanceof MixedSchema) {
        // allow changes to sub paths of mixed types
        mixed = true;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!mixed) {
      if ('throw' == strict) {
        throw new Error("Field `" + path + "` is not in schema.");
      }
      return this;
    }

  } else if ('virtual' == pathType) {
    schema = this.schema.virtualpath(path);
    schema.applySetters(val, this);
    return this;
  } else {
    schema = this.$__path(path);
  }

  var pathToMark;

  // When using the $set operator the path to the field must already exist.
  // Else mongodb throws: "LEFT_SUBFIELD only supports Object"

  if (parts.length <= 1) {
    pathToMark = path;
  } else {
    for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; ++i) {
      var subpath = parts.slice(0, i+1).join('.');
      if (this.isDirectModified(subpath) // earlier prefixes that are already
                                         // marked as dirty have precedence
          || this.get(subpath) === null) {
        pathToMark = subpath;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!pathToMark) pathToMark = path;
  }

  // if this doc is being constructed we should not trigger getters
  var priorVal = constructing
    ? undefined
    : this.get(path);

  if (!schema || undefined === val) {
    this.$__set(pathToMark, path, constructing, parts, schema, val, priorVal);
    return this;
  }

  var self = this;
  var shouldSet = this.$__try(function(){
    val = schema.applySetters(val, self, false, priorVal);
  });

  if (shouldSet) {
    this.$__set(pathToMark, path, constructing, parts, schema, val, priorVal);
  }

  return this;
}

/**
 * Determine if we should mark this change as modified.
 *
 * @return {Boolean}
 * @api private
 * @method $__shouldModify
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__shouldModify = function (
    pathToMark, path, constructing, parts, schema, val, priorVal) {

  if (this.isNew) return true;
  if (this.isDirectModified(pathToMark)) return false;

  if (undefined === val && !this.isSelected(path)) {
    // when a path is not selected in a query, its initial
    // value will be undefined.
    return true;
  }

  if (undefined === val && path in this.$__.activePaths.states.default) {
    // we're just unsetting the default value which was never saved
    return false;
  }

  if (!deepEqual(val, priorVal || this.get(path))) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!constructing &&
      null != val &&
      path in this.$__.activePaths.states.default &&
      deepEqual(val, schema.getDefault(this, constructing))) {
    // a path with a default was $unset on the server
    // and the user is setting it to the same value again
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/**
 * Handles the actual setting of the value and marking the path modified if appropriate.
 *
 * @api private
 * @method $__set
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__set = function (
    pathToMark, path, constructing, parts, schema, val, priorVal) {

  var shouldModify = this.$__shouldModify.apply(this, arguments);

  if (shouldModify) {
    this.markModified(pathToMark, val);

    // handle directly setting arrays (gh-1126)
    MongooseArray || (MongooseArray = require('./types/array'));
    if (val instanceof MongooseArray) {
      val._registerAtomic('$set', val);
    }
  }

  var obj = this._doc
    , i = 0
    , l = parts.length

  for (; i < l; i++) {
    var next = i + 1
      , last = next === l;

    if (last) {
      obj[parts[i]] = val;
    } else {
      if (obj[parts[i]] && 'Object' === obj[parts[i]].constructor.name) {
        obj = obj[parts[i]];
      } else if (obj[parts[i]] && Array.isArray(obj[parts[i]])) {
        obj = obj[parts[i]];
      } else {
        obj = obj[parts[i]] = {};
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Gets a raw value from a path (no getters)
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @api private
 */

Document.prototype.getValue = function (path) {
  return utils.getValue(path, this._doc);
}

/**
 * Sets a raw value for a path (no casting, setters, transformations)
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @param {Object} value
 * @api private
 */

Document.prototype.setValue = function (path, val) {
  utils.setValue(path, val, this._doc);
  return this;
}

/**
 * Returns the value of a path.
 *
 * ####Example
 *
 *     // path
 *     doc.get('age') // 47
 *
 *     // dynamic casting to a string
 *     doc.get('age', String) // "47"
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @param {Schema|String|Number|Buffer|etc..} [type] optionally specify a type for on-the-fly attributes
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.get = function (path, type) {
  var adhocs;
  if (type) {
    adhocs = this.$__.adhocPaths || (this.$__.adhocPaths = {});
    adhocs[path] = Schema.interpretAsType(path, type);
  }

  var schema = this.$__path(path) || this.schema.virtualpath(path)
    , pieces = path.split('.')
    , obj = this._doc;

  for (var i = 0, l = pieces.length; i < l; i++) {
    obj = undefined === obj || null === obj
      ? undefined
      : obj[pieces[i]];
  }

  if (schema) {
    obj = schema.applyGetters(obj, this);
  }

  return obj;
};

/**
 * Returns the schematype for the given `path`.
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @api private
 * @method $__path
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__path = function (path) {
  var adhocs = this.$__.adhocPaths
    , adhocType = adhocs && adhocs[path];

  if (adhocType) {
    return adhocType;
  } else {
    return this.schema.path(path);
  }
};

/**
 * Marks the path as having pending changes to write to the db.
 *
 * _Very helpful when using [Mixed](./schematypes.html#mixed) types._
 *
 * ####Example:
 *
 *     doc.mixed.type = 'changed';
 *     doc.markModified('mixed.type');
 *     doc.save() // changes to mixed.type are now persisted
 *
 * @param {String} path the path to mark modified
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.markModified = function (path) {
  this.$__.activePaths.modify(path);
}

/**
 * Catches errors that occur during execution of `fn` and stores them to later be passed when `save()` is executed.
 *
 * @param {Function} fn function to execute
 * @param {Object} scope the scope with which to call fn
 * @api private
 * @method $__try
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__try = function (fn, scope) {
  var res;
  try {
    fn.call(scope);
    res = true;
  } catch (e) {
    this.$__error(e);
    res = false;
  }
  return res;
};

/**
 * Returns the list of paths that have been modified.
 *
 * @return {Array}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.modifiedPaths = function () {
  var directModifiedPaths = Object.keys(this.$__.activePaths.states.modify);

  return directModifiedPaths.reduce(function (list, path) {
    var parts = path.split('.');
    return list.concat(parts.reduce(function (chains, part, i) {
      return chains.concat(parts.slice(0, i).concat(part).join('.'));
    }, []));
  }, []);
};

/**
 * Returns true if this document was modified, else false.
 *
 * If `path` is given, checks if a path or any full path containing `path` as part of its path chain has been modified.
 *
 * ####Example
 *
 *     doc.set('documents.0.title', 'changed');
 *     doc.isModified()                    // true
 *     doc.isModified('documents')         // true
 *     doc.isModified('documents.0.title') // true
 *     doc.isDirectModified('documents')   // false
 *
 * @param {String} [path] optional
 * @return {Boolean}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.isModified = function (path) {
  return path
    ? !!~this.modifiedPaths().indexOf(path)
    : this.$__.activePaths.some('modify');
};

/**
 * Returns true if `path` was directly set and modified, else false.
 *
 * ####Example
 *
 *     doc.set('documents.0.title', 'changed');
 *     doc.isDirectModified('documents.0.title') // true
 *     doc.isDirectModified('documents') // false
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @return {Boolean}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.isDirectModified = function (path) {
  return (path in this.$__.activePaths.states.modify);
};

/**
 * Checks if `path` was initialized.
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @return {Boolean}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.isInit = function (path) {
  return (path in this.$__.activePaths.states.init);
};

/**
 * Checks if `path` was selected in the source query which initialized this document.
 *
 * ####Example
 *
 *     Thing.findOne().select('name').exec(function (err, doc) {
 *        doc.isSelected('name') // true
 *        doc.isSelected('age')  // false
 *     })
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @return {Boolean}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.isSelected = function isSelected (path) {
  if (this.$__.selected) {

    if ('_id' === path) {
      return 0 !== this.$__.selected._id;
    }

    var paths = Object.keys(this.$__.selected)
      , i = paths.length
      , inclusive = false
      , cur

    if (1 === i && '_id' === paths[0]) {
      // only _id was selected.
      return 0 === this.$__.selected._id;
    }

    while (i--) {
      cur = paths[i];
      if ('_id' == cur) continue;
      inclusive = !! this.$__.selected[cur];
      break;
    }

    if (path in this.$__.selected) {
      return inclusive;
    }

    i = paths.length;
    var pathDot = path + '.';

    while (i--) {
      cur = paths[i];
      if ('_id' == cur) continue;

      if (0 === cur.indexOf(pathDot)) {
        return inclusive;
      }

      if (0 === pathDot.indexOf(cur + '.')) {
        return inclusive;
      }
    }

    return ! inclusive;
  }

  return true;
}

/**
 * Executes registered validation rules for this document.
 *
 * ####Note:
 *
 * This method is called `pre` save and if a validation rule is violated, [save](#model_Model-save) is aborted and the error is returned to your `callback`.
 *
 * ####Example:
 *
 *     doc.validate(function (err) {
 *       if (err) handleError(err);
 *       else // validation passed
 *     });
 *
 * @param {Function} cb called after validation completes, passing an error if one occurred
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.validate = function (cb) {
  var self = this

  // only validate required fields when necessary
  var paths = Object.keys(this.$__.activePaths.states.require).filter(function (path) {
    if (!self.isSelected(path) && !self.isModified(path)) return false;
    return true;
  });

  paths = paths.concat(Object.keys(this.$__.activePaths.states.init));
  paths = paths.concat(Object.keys(this.$__.activePaths.states.modify));
  paths = paths.concat(Object.keys(this.$__.activePaths.states.default));

  if (0 === paths.length) {
    complete();
    return this;
  }

  var validating = {}
    , total = 0;

  paths.forEach(validatePath);
  return this;

  function validatePath (path) {
    if (validating[path]) return;

    validating[path] = true;
    total++;

    process.nextTick(function(){
      var p = self.schema.path(path);
      if (!p) return --total || complete();

      var val = self.getValue(path);
      p.doValidate(val, function (err) {
        if (err) {
          self.invalidate(
              path
            , err
            , undefined
            , true // embedded docs
            );
        }
        --total || complete();
      }, self);
    });
  }

  function complete () {
    var err = self.$__.validationError;
    self.$__.validationError = undefined;
    self.emit('validate', self);
    cb(err);
  }
};

/**
 * Marks a path as invalid, causing validation to fail.
 *
 * @param {String} path the field to invalidate
 * @param {String|Error} err the error which states the reason `path` was invalid
 * @param {Object|String|Number|any} value optional invalid value
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.invalidate = function (path, err, val) {
  if (!this.$__.validationError) {
    this.$__.validationError = new ValidationError(this);
  }

  if (!err || 'string' === typeof err) {
    // sniffing arguments:
    // need to handle case where user does not pass value
    // so our error message is cleaner
    err = 2 < arguments.length
      ? new ValidatorError(path, err, val)
      : new ValidatorError(path, err)
  }

  this.$__.validationError.errors[path] = err;
}

/**
 * Resets the internal modified state of this document.
 *
 * @api private
 * @return {Document}
 * @method $__reset
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__reset = function reset () {
  var self = this;
  DocumentArray || (DocumentArray = require('./types/documentarray'));

  this.$__.activePaths
  .map('init', 'modify', function (i) {
    return self.getValue(i);
  })
  .filter(function (val) {
    return val && val instanceof DocumentArray && val.length;
  })
  .forEach(function (array) {
    var i = array.length;
    while (i--) {
      var doc = array[i];
      if (!doc) continue;
      doc.$__reset();
    }
  });

  // clear atomics
  this.$__dirty().forEach(function (dirt) {
    var type = dirt.value;
    if (type && type._atomics) {
      type._atomics = {};
    }
  });

  // Clear 'modify'('dirty') cache
  this.$__.activePaths.clear('modify');
  this.$__.validationError = undefined;
  this.errors = undefined;
  var self = this;
  this.schema.requiredPaths().forEach(function (path) {
    self.$__.activePaths.require(path);
  });

  return this;
}

/**
 * Returns this documents dirty paths / vals.
 *
 * @api private
 * @method $__dirty
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__dirty = function () {
  var self = this;

  var all = this.$__.activePaths.map('modify', function (path) {
    return { path: path
           , value: self.getValue(path)
           , schema: self.$__path(path) };
  });

  // Sort dirty paths in a flat hierarchy.
  all.sort(function (a, b) {
    return (a.path < b.path ? -1 : (a.path > b.path ? 1 : 0));
  });

  // Ignore "foo.a" if "foo" is dirty already.
  var minimal = []
    , lastPath
    , top;

  all.forEach(function (item, i) {
    if (item.path.indexOf(lastPath) !== 0) {
      lastPath = item.path + '.';
      minimal.push(item);
      top = item;
    } else {
      // special case for top level MongooseArrays
      if (top.value && top.value._atomics && top.value.hasAtomics()) {
        // the `top` array itself and a sub path of `top` are being modified.
        // the only way to honor all of both modifications is through a $set
        // of entire array.
        top.value._atomics = {};
        top.value._atomics.$set = top.value;
      }
    }
  });

  top = lastPath = null;
  return minimal;
}

/*!
 * Compiles schemas.
 */

function compile (tree, proto, prefix) {
  var keys = Object.keys(tree)
    , i = keys.length
    , limb
    , key;

  while (i--) {
    key = keys[i];
    limb = tree[key];

    define(key
        , (('Object' === limb.constructor.name
               && Object.keys(limb).length)
               && (!limb.type || limb.type.type)
               ? limb
               : null)
        , proto
        , prefix
        , keys);
  }
};

/*!
 * Defines the accessor named prop on the incoming prototype.
 */

function define (prop, subprops, prototype, prefix, keys) {
  var prefix = prefix || ''
    , path = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + prop;

  if (subprops) {

    Object.defineProperty(prototype, prop, {
        enumerable: true
      , get: function () {
          if (!this.$__.getters)
            this.$__.getters = {};

          if (!this.$__.getters[path]) {
            var nested = Object.create(this);

            // save scope for nested getters/setters
            if (!prefix) nested.$__.scope = this;

            // shadow inherited getters from sub-objects so
            // thing.nested.nested.nested... doesn't occur (gh-366)
            var i = 0
              , len = keys.length;

            for (; i < len; ++i) {
              // over-write the parents getter without triggering it
              Object.defineProperty(nested, keys[i], {
                  enumerable: false   // It doesn't show up.
                , writable: true      // We can set it later.
                , configurable: true  // We can Object.defineProperty again.
                , value: undefined    // It shadows its parent.
              });
            }

            nested.toObject = function () {
              return this.get(path);
            };

            compile(subprops, nested, path);
            this.$__.getters[path] = nested;
          }

          return this.$__.getters[path];
        }
      , set: function (v) {
          if (v instanceof Document) v = v.toObject();
          return (this.$__.scope || this).set(path, v);
        }
    });

  } else {

    Object.defineProperty(prototype, prop, {
        enumerable: true
      , get: function ( ) { return this.get.call(this.$__.scope || this, path); }
      , set: function (v) { return this.set.call(this.$__.scope || this, path, v); }
    });
  }
};

/**
 * Assigns/compiles `schema` into this documents prototype.
 *
 * @param {Schema} schema
 * @api private
 * @method $__setSchema
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__setSchema = function (schema) {
  compile(schema.tree, this);
  this.schema = schema;
}

/**
 * Register default hooks
 *
 * @api private
 * @method $__registerHooks
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__registerHooks = function () {
  if (!this.save) return;

  DocumentArray || (DocumentArray = require('./types/documentarray'));

  this.pre('save', function (next) {
    // validate all document arrays.
    // we keep the error semaphore to make sure we don't
    // call `save` unnecessarily (we only need 1 error)
    var subdocs = 0
      , error = false
      , self = this;

    // check for DocumentArrays
    var arrays = this.$__.activePaths
    .map('init', 'modify', function (i) {
      return self.getValue(i);
    })
    .filter(function (val) {
      return val && val instanceof DocumentArray && val.length;
    });

    if (!arrays.length)
      return next();

    arrays.forEach(function (array) {
      if (error) return;

      // handle sparse arrays by using for loop vs array.forEach
      // which skips the sparse elements

      var len = array.length
      subdocs += len;

      for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
        if (error) break;

        var doc = array[i];
        if (!doc) {
          --subdocs || next();
          continue;
        }

        doc.save(handleSave);
      }
    });

    function handleSave (err) {
      if (error) return;

      if (err) {
        self.$__.validationError = undefined;
        return next(error = err);
      }

      --subdocs || next();
    }

  }, function (err) {
    // emit on the Model if listening
    if (this.constructor.listeners('error').length) {
      this.constructor.emit('error', err);
    } else {
      // emit on the connection
      if (!this.db.listeners('error').length) {
        err.stack = 'No listeners detected, throwing. '
                  + 'Consider adding an error listener to your connection.\n'
                  + err.stack
      }
      this.db.emit('error', err);
    }
  }).pre('save', function checkForExistingErrors (next) {
    // if any doc.set() calls failed
    var err = this.$__.saveError;
    if (err) {
      this.$__.saveError = null;
      next(err);
    } else {
      next();
    }
  }).pre('save', function validation (next) {
    return this.validate(next);
  });

  // add user defined queues
  this.$__doQueue();
};

/**
 * Registers an error
 *
 * @param {Error} err
 * @api private
 * @method $__error
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__error = function (err) {
  this.$__.saveError = err;
  return this;
};

/**
 * Executes methods queued from the Schema definition
 *
 * @api private
 * @method $__doQueue
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__doQueue = function () {
  var q = this.schema && this.schema.callQueue;
  if (q) {
    for (var i = 0, l = q.length; i < l; i++) {
      this[q[i][0]].apply(this, q[i][1]);
    }
  }
  return this;
};

/**
 * Converts this document into a plain javascript object, ready for storage in MongoDB.
 *
 * Buffers are converted to instances of [mongodb.Binary](http://mongodb.github.com/node-mongodb-native/api-bson-generated/binary.html) for proper storage.
 *
 * ####Options:
 *
 * - `getters` apply all getters (path and virtual getters)
 * - `virtuals` apply virtual getters (can override `getters` option)
 * - `minimize` remove empty objects (defaults to true)
 * - `transform` a transform function to apply to the resulting document before returning
 *
 * ####Getters/Virtuals
 *
 * Example of only applying path getters
 *
 *     doc.toObject({ getters: true, virtuals: false })
 *
 * Example of only applying virtual getters
 *
 *     doc.toObject({ virtuals: true })
 *
 * Example of applying both path and virtual getters
 *
 *     doc.toObject({ getters: true })
 *
 * To apply these options to every document of your schema by default, set your [schemas](#schema_Schema) `toObject` option to the same argument.
 *
 *     schema.set('toObject', { virtuals: true })
 *
 * ####Transform
 *
 * We may need to perform a transformation of the resulting object based on some criteria, say to remove some sensitive information or return a custom object. In this case we set the optional `transform` function.
 *
 * Transform functions receive three arguments
 *
 *     function (doc, ret, options) {}
 *
 * - `doc` The mongoose document which is being converted
 * - `ret` The plain object representation which has been converted
 * - `options` The options in use (either schema options or the options passed inline)
 *
 * ####Example
 *
 *     // specify the transform schema option
 *     if (!schema.options.toObject) schema.options.toObject = {};
 *     schema.options.toObject.transform = function (doc, ret, options) {
 *       // remove the _id of every document before returning the result
 *       delete ret._id;
 *     }
 *
 *     // without the transformation in the schema
 *     doc.toObject(); // { _id: 'anId', name: 'Wreck-it Ralph' }
 *
 *     // with the transformation
 *     doc.toObject(); // { name: 'Wreck-it Ralph' }
 *
 * With transformations we can do a lot more than remove properties. We can even return completely new customized objects:
 *
 *     if (!schema.options.toObject) schema.options.toObject = {};
 *     schema.options.toObject.transform = function (doc, ret, options) {
 *       return { movie: ret.name }
 *     }
 *
 *     // without the transformation in the schema
 *     doc.toObject(); // { _id: 'anId', name: 'Wreck-it Ralph' }
 *
 *     // with the transformation
 *     doc.toObject(); // { movie: 'Wreck-it Ralph' }
 *
 * _Note: if a transform function returns `undefined`, the return value will be ignored._
 *
 * Transformations may also be applied inline, overridding any transform set in the options:
 *
 *     function xform (doc, ret, options) {
 *       return { inline: ret.name, custom: true }
 *     }
 *
 *     // pass the transform as an inline option
 *     doc.toObject({ transform: xform }); // { inline: 'Wreck-it Ralph', custom: true }
 *
 * _Note: if you call `toObject` and pass any options, the transform declared in your schema options will __not__ be applied. To force its application pass `transform: true`_
 *
 *     if (!schema.options.toObject) schema.options.toObject = {};
 *     schema.options.toObject.hide = '_id';
 *     schema.options.toObject.transform = function (doc, ret, options) {
 *       if (options.hide) {
 *         options.hide.split(' ').forEach(function (prop) {
 *           delete ret[prop];
 *         });
 *       }
 *     }
 *
 *     var doc = new Doc({ _id: 'anId', secret: 47, name: 'Wreck-it Ralph' });
 *     doc.toObject();                                        // { secret: 47, name: 'Wreck-it Ralph' }
 *     doc.toObject({ hide: 'secret _id' });                  // { _id: 'anId', secret: 47, name: 'Wreck-it Ralph' }
 *     doc.toObject({ hide: 'secret _id', transform: true }); // { name: 'Wreck-it Ralph' }
 *
 * Transforms are applied to the document _and each of its sub-documents_. To determine whether or not you are currently operating on a sub-document you might use the following guard:
 *
 *     if ('function' == typeof doc.ownerDocument) {
 *       // working with a sub doc
 *     }
 *
 * Transforms, like all of these options, are also available for `toJSON`.
 *
 * See [schema options](/docs/guide.html#toObject) for some more details.
 *
 * _During save, no custom options are applied to the document before being sent to the database._
 *
 * @param {Object} [options]
 * @return {Object} js object
 * @see mongodb.Binary http://mongodb.github.com/node-mongodb-native/api-bson-generated/binary.html
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.toObject = function (options) {
  if (options && options.depopulate && this.$__.wasPopulated) {
    // populated paths that we set to a document
    return clone(this._id, options);
  }

  // When internally saving this document we always pass options,
  // bypassing the custom schema options.
  if (!(options && 'Object' == options.constructor.name)) {
    options = this.schema.options.toObject
      ? clone(this.schema.options.toObject)
      : {};
  }

  ;('minimize' in options) || (options.minimize = this.schema.options.minimize);

  var ret = clone(this._doc, options);

  if (options.virtuals || options.getters && false !== options.virtuals) {
    applyGetters(this, ret, 'virtuals', options);
  }

  if (options.getters) {
    applyGetters(this, ret, 'paths', options);
  }

  if (true === options.transform) {
    var opts = options.json
      ? this.schema.options.toJSON
      : this.schema.options.toObject;
    if (opts) {
      options.transform = opts.transform;
    }
  }

  if ('function' == typeof options.transform) {
    var xformed = options.transform(this, ret, options);
    if ('undefined' != typeof xformed) ret = xformed;
  }

  return ret;
};

/*!
 * Applies virtuals properties to `json`.
 *
 * @param {Document} self
 * @param {Object} json
 * @param {String} type either `virtuals` or `paths`
 * @return {Object} `json`
 */

function applyGetters (self, json, type, options) {
  var schema = self.schema
    , paths = Object.keys(schema[type])
    , i = paths.length
    , path

  while (i--) {
    path = paths[i];

    var parts = path.split('.')
      , plen = parts.length
      , last = plen - 1
      , branch = json
      , part

    for (var ii = 0; ii < plen; ++ii) {
      part = parts[ii];
      if (ii === last) {
        branch[part] = clone(self.get(path), options);
      } else {
        branch = branch[part] || (branch[part] = {});
      }
    }
  }

  return json;
}

/**
 * The return value of this method is used in calls to JSON.stringify(doc).
 *
 * This method accepts the same options as [Document#toObject](#document_Document-toObject). To apply the options to every document of your schema by default, set your [schemas](#schema_Schema) `toJSON` option to the same argument.
 *
 *     schema.set('toJSON', { virtuals: true })
 *
 * See [schema options](/docs/guide.html#toJSON) for details.
 *
 * @param {Object} options same options as [Document#toObject](#document_Document-toObject)
 * @return {Object}
 * @see Document#toObject #document_Document-toObject

 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.toJSON = function (options) {
  // check for object type since an array of documents
  // being stringified passes array indexes instead
  // of options objects. JSON.stringify([doc, doc])
  if (!(options && 'Object' == options.constructor.name)) {
    options = this.schema.options.toJSON
      ? clone(this.schema.options.toJSON)
      : {};
  }
  options.json = true;
  return this.toObject(options);
};

/**
 * Helper for console.log
 *
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.inspect = function (options) {
  var opts = options && 'Object' == options.constructor.name ? options :
      this.schema.options.toObject ? clone(this.schema.options.toObject) :
      {};
  opts.minimize = false;
  return inspect(this.toObject(opts));
};

/**
 * Helper for console.log
 *
 * @api public
 * @method toString
 */

Document.prototype.toString = Document.prototype.inspect;

/**
 * Returns true if the Document stores the same data as doc.
 *
 * Documents are considered equal when they have matching `_id`s.
 *
 * @param {Document} doc a document to compare
 * @return {Boolean}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.equals = function (doc) {
  var tid = this.get('_id');
  var docid = doc.get('_id');
  return tid && tid.equals
    ? tid.equals(docid)
    : tid === docid;
}

/**
 * Populates document references, executing the `callback` when complete.
 *
 * ####Example:
 *
 *     doc
 *     .populate('company')
 *     .populate({
 *       path: 'notes',
 *       match: /airline/,
 *       select: 'text',
 *       model: 'modelName'
 *       options: opts
 *     }, function (err, user) {
 *       assert(doc._id == user._id) // the document itself is passed
 *     })
 *
 *     // summary
 *     doc.populate(path)               // not executed
 *     doc.populate(options);           // not executed
 *     doc.populate(path, callback)     // executed
 *     doc.populate(options, callback); // executed
 *     doc.populate(callback);          // executed
 *
 *
 * ####NOTE:
 *
 * Population does not occur unless a `callback` is passed.
 * Passing the same path a second time will overwrite the previous path options.
 * See [Model.populate()](#model_Model.populate) for explaination of options.
 *
 * @see Model.populate #model_Model.populate
 * @param {String|Object} [path] The path to populate or an options object
 * @param {Function} [callback] When passed, population is invoked
 * @api public
 * @return {Document} this
 */

Document.prototype.populate = function populate () {
  if (0 === arguments.length) return this;

  var pop = this.$__.populate || (this.$__.populate = {});
  var args = utils.args(arguments);
  var fn;

  if ('function' == typeof args[args.length-1]) {
    fn = args.pop();
  }

  // allow `doc.populate(callback)`
  if (args.length) {
    // use hash to remove duplicate paths
    var res = utils.populate.apply(null, args);
    for (var i = 0; i < res.length; ++i) {
      pop[res[i].path] = res[i];
    }
  }

  if (fn) {
    var paths = utils.object.vals(pop);
    this.$__.populate = undefined;
    this.constructor.populate(this, paths, fn);
  }

  return this;
}

/**
 * Gets _id(s) used during population of the given `path`.
 *
 * ####Example:
 *
 *     Model.findOne().populate('author').exec(function (err, doc) {
 *       console.log(doc.author.name)         // Dr.Seuss
 *       console.log(doc.populated('author')) // '5144cf8050f071d979c118a7'
 *     })
 *
 * If the path was not populated, undefined is returned.
 *
 * @param {String} path
 * @return {Array|ObjectId|Number|Buffer|String|undefined}
 * @api public
 */

Document.prototype.populated = function (path, val, options) {
  // val and options are internal

  if (null == val) {
    if (!this.$__.populated) return undefined;
    var v = this.$__.populated[path];
    if (v) return v.value;
    return undefined;
  }

  // internal

  if (true === val) {
    if (!this.$__.populated) return undefined;
    return this.$__.populated[path];
  }

  this.$__.populated || (this.$__.populated = {});
  this.$__.populated[path] = { value: val, options: options };
  return val;
}

/**
 * Returns the full path to this document.
 *
 * @param {String} [path]
 * @return {String}
 * @api private
 * @method $__fullPath
 * @memberOf Document
 */

Document.prototype.$__fullPath = function (path) {
  // overridden in SubDocuments
  return path || '';
}

/*!
 * Module exports.
 */

Document.ValidationError = ValidationError;
module.exports = exports = Document;
exports.Error = DocumentError;