1# Miden VM Hash Functions
 2In the Miden VM, we make use of different hash functions. Some of these are "traditional" hash functions, like `BLAKE3`, which are optimized for out-of-STARK performance, while others are algebraic hash functions, like `Rescue Prime`, and are more optimized for a better performance inside the STARK. In what follows, we benchmark several such hash functions and compare against other constructions that are used by other proving systems. More precisely, we benchmark:
 3
 4* **BLAKE3** as specified [here](https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3-specs/blob/master/blake3.pdf) and implemented [here](https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3) (with a wrapper exposed via this crate).
 5* **SHA3** as specified [here](https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.202.pdf) and implemented [here](https://github.com/novifinancial/winterfell/blob/46dce1adf0/crypto/src/hash/sha/mod.rs).
 6* **Poseidon** as specified [here](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458.pdf) and implemented [here](https://github.com/mir-protocol/plonky2/blob/806b88d7d6e69a30dc0b4775f7ba275c45e8b63b/plonky2/src/hash/poseidon_goldilocks.rs) (but in pure Rust, without vectorized instructions).
 7* **Rescue Prime (RP)** as specified [here](https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1143) and implemented [here](https://github.com/novifinancial/winterfell/blob/46dce1adf0/crypto/src/hash/rescue/rp64_256/mod.rs).
 8* **Rescue Prime Optimized (RPO)** as specified [here](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1577) and implemented in this crate.
 9* **Rescue Prime Extended (RPX)** a variant of the [xHash](https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1045) hash function as implemented in this crate.
10
11## Comparison and Instructions
12
13### Comparison
14We benchmark the above hash functions using two scenarios. The first is a 2-to-1 $(a,b)\mapsto h(a,b)$ hashing where both $a$, $b$ and $h(a,b)$ are the digests corresponding to each of the hash functions.
15The second scenario is that of sequential hashing where we take a sequence of length $100$ field elements and hash these to produce a single digest. The digests are $4$ field elements in a prime field with modulus $2^{64} - 2^{32} + 1$ (i.e., 32 bytes) for Poseidon, Rescue Prime and RPO, and an array `[u8; 32]` for SHA3 and BLAKE3.
16
17#### Scenario 1: 2-to-1 hashing `h(a,b)`
18
19| Function            | BLAKE3 | SHA3    | Poseidon  | Rp64_256  | RPO_256 | RPX_256 |
20| ------------------- | ------ | ------- | --------- | --------- | ------- | ------- |
21| Apple M1 Pro        | 76 ns  | 245 ns  |  1.5 µs   |  9.1 µs   | 5.2 µs  | 2.7 µs  |
22| Apple M2 Max        | 71 ns  | 233 ns  |  1.3 µs   |  7.9 µs   | 4.6 µs  | 2.4 µs  |
23| Amazon Graviton 3   | 108 ns |         |           |           | 5.3 µs  | 3.1 µs  |
24| AMD Ryzen 9 5950X   | 64 ns  | 273 ns  |  1.2 µs   |  9.1 µs   | 5.5 µs  |         |
25| Intel Core i5-8279U | 68 ns  | 536 ns  |  2.0 µs   |  13.6 µs  | 8.5 µs  | 4.4 µs  |
26| Intel Xeon 8375C    | 67 ns  |         |           |           | 8.2 µs  |         |
27
28#### Scenario 2: Sequential hashing of 100 elements `h([a_0,...,a_99])`
29
30| Function            | BLAKE3 | SHA3    | Poseidon  | Rp64_256  | RPO_256 | RPX_256 |
31| ------------------- | -------| ------- | --------- | --------- | ------- | ------- |
32| Apple M1 Pro        | 1.0 µs | 1.5 µs  |  19.4 µs  |   118 µs  | 69 µs   | 35 µs   |
33| Apple M2 Max        | 0.9 µs | 1.5 µs  |  17.4 µs  |   103 µs  | 60 µs   | 31 µs   |
34| Amazon Graviton 3   | 1.4 µs |         |           |           | 69 µs   | 41 µs   |
35| AMD Ryzen 9 5950X   | 0.8 µs | 1.7 µs  |  15.7 µs  |   120 µs  | 72 µs   |         |
36| Intel Core i5-8279U | 0.9 µs |         |           |           | 107 µs  | 56 µs   |
37| Intel Xeon 8375C    | 0.8 µs |         |           |           | 110 µs  |         |
38
39Notes:
40- On Graviton 3, RPO256 is run with SVE acceleration enabled.
41
42### Instructions
43Before you can run the benchmarks, you'll need to make sure you have Rust [installed](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install). After that, to run the benchmarks for RPO and BLAKE3, clone the current repository, and from the root directory of the repo run the following:
44
45 ```
46 cargo bench hash
47 ```
48
49To run the benchmarks for Rescue Prime, Poseidon and SHA3, clone the following [repository](https://github.com/Dominik1999/winterfell.git) as above, then checkout the `hash-functions-benches` branch, and from the root directory of the repo run the following:
50
51```
52cargo bench hash
53```