minor nits

feat: implement RPO hash using AVX2 instructions

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Documentation available at editorconfig.org
+
+root=true
+
+[*]
+ident_style = space
+ident_size = 4
+end_of_line = lf
+charset = utf-8
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+insert_final_newline = true
+
+[*.rs]
+max_line_length = 100
+
+[*.md]
+trim_trailing_whitespace = false
+
+[*.yml]
+ident_size = 2

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+## 0.8.0 (TBD)
+
+* Implemented the `PartialMmr` data structure (#195).
+* Updated Winterfell dependency to v0.7 (#200)
+* Implemented RPX hash function (#201).
+* Added `FeltRng` and `RpoRandomCoin` (#237).
+* Added `inner_nodes()` method to `PartialMmr` (#238).
+
 ## 0.7.1 (2023-10-10)
 
 * Fixed RPO Falcon signature build on Windows.
@@ -12,7 +20,6 @@
 * Implemented benchmarking for `TieredSmt` (#182).
 * Added more leaf traversal methods for `MerkleStore` (#185).
 * Added SVE acceleration for RPO hash function (#189).
-* Implemented the `PartialMmr` datastructure (#195).
 
 ## 0.6.0 (2023-06-25)
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "miden-crypto"
-version = "0.7.1"
+version = "0.8.0"
 description = "Miden Cryptographic primitives"
 authors = ["miden contributors"]
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "MIT"
 repository = "https://github.com/0xPolygonMiden/crypto"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/miden-crypto/0.7.1"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/miden-crypto/0.8.0"
 categories = ["cryptography", "no-std"]
 keywords = ["miden", "crypto", "hash", "merkle"]
 edition = "2021"
@@ -42,16 +42,19 @@ sve = ["std"]
 blake3 = { version = "1.5", default-features = false }
 clap = { version = "4.4", features = ["derive"], optional = true }
 libc = { version =  "0.2", default-features = false, optional = true }
-rand_utils = { version = "0.6", package = "winter-rand-utils", optional = true }
+rand_utils = { version = "0.7", package = "winter-rand-utils", optional = true }
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = [ "derive" ], default-features = false, optional = true }
-winter_crypto = { version = "0.6", package = "winter-crypto", default-features = false }
-winter_math = { version = "0.6", package = "winter-math", default-features = false }
-winter_utils = { version = "0.6", package = "winter-utils", default-features = false }
+winter_crypto = { version = "0.7", package = "winter-crypto", default-features = false }
+winter_math = { version = "0.7", package = "winter-math", default-features = false }
+winter_utils = { version = "0.7", package = "winter-utils", default-features = false }
+rayon = "1.8.0"
+rand = "0.8.4"
+rand_core = { version = "0.5", default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 proptest = "1.3"
-rand_utils = { version = "0.6", package = "winter-rand-utils" }
+rand_utils = { version = "0.7", package = "winter-rand-utils" }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 cc = { version = "1.0", features = ["parallel"], optional = true }

README.md

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ This crate contains cryptographic primitives used in Polygon Miden.
 
 * [BLAKE3](https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3) hash function with 256-bit, 192-bit, or 160-bit output. The 192-bit and 160-bit outputs are obtained by truncating the 256-bit output of the standard BLAKE3.
 * [RPO](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1577) hash function with 256-bit output. This hash function is an algebraic hash function suitable for recursive STARKs.
+* [RPX](https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1045) hash function with 256-bit output. Similar to RPO, this hash function is suitable for recursive STARKs but it is about 2x faster as compared to RPO.
 
 For performance benchmarks of these hash functions and their comparison to other popular hash functions please see [here](./benches/).
 
@@ -16,18 +17,25 @@ For performance benchmarks of these hash functions and their comparison to other
 * `MerkleTree`: a regular fully-balanced binary Merkle tree. The depth of this tree can be at most 64.
 * `Mmr`: a Merkle mountain range structure designed to function as an append-only log.
 * `PartialMerkleTree`: a partial view of a Merkle tree where some sub-trees may not be known. This is similar to a collection of Merkle paths all resolving to the same root. The length of the paths can be at most 64.
+* `PartialMmr`: a partial view of a Merkle mountain range structure.
 * `SimpleSmt`: a Sparse Merkle Tree (with no compaction), mapping 64-bit keys to 4-element values.
 * `TieredSmt`: a Sparse Merkle tree (with compaction), mapping 4-element keys to 4-element values.
 
 The module also contains additional supporting components such as `NodeIndex`, `MerklePath`,  and `MerkleError`  to assist with tree indexation, opening proofs, and reporting inconsistent arguments/state.
 
 ## Signatures
-[DAS module](./src/dsa) provides a set of digital signature schemes supported by default in the Miden VM. Currently, these schemes are:
+[DSA module](./src/dsa) provides a set of digital signature schemes supported by default in the Miden VM. Currently, these schemes are:
 
 * `RPO Falcon512`: a variant of the [Falcon](https://falcon-sign.info/) signature scheme. This variant differs from the standard in that instead of using SHAKE256 hash function in the *hash-to-point* algorithm we use RPO256. This makes the signature more efficient to verify in Miden VM.
 
 For the above signatures, key generation and signing is available only in the `std` context (see [crate features](#crate-features) below), while signature verification is available in `no_std` context as well.
 
+## Pseudo-Random Element Generator
+[Pseudo random element generator module](./src/rand/) provides a set of traits and data structures that facilitate generating pseudo-random elements in the context of Miden VM and Miden rollup. The module currently includes:
+
+* `FeltRng`: a trait for generating random field elements and random 4 field elements.
+* `RpoRandomCoin`: a struct implementing `FeltRng` as well as the [`RandomCoin`](https://github.com/facebook/winterfell/blob/main/crypto/src/random/mod.rs) trait.
+    
 ## Crate features
 This crate can be compiled with the following features:
 

benches/README.md

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ In the Miden VM, we make use of different hash functions. Some of these are "tra
 * **Poseidon** as specified [here](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458.pdf) and implemented [here](https://github.com/mir-protocol/plonky2/blob/806b88d7d6e69a30dc0b4775f7ba275c45e8b63b/plonky2/src/hash/poseidon_goldilocks.rs) (but in pure Rust, without vectorized instructions).
 * **Rescue Prime (RP)** as specified [here](https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1143) and implemented [here](https://github.com/novifinancial/winterfell/blob/46dce1adf0/crypto/src/hash/rescue/rp64_256/mod.rs).
 * **Rescue Prime Optimized (RPO)** as specified [here](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1577) and implemented in this crate.
+* **Rescue Prime Extended (RPX)** a variant of the [xHash](https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1045) hash function as implemented in this crate.
 
 ## Comparison and Instructions
 
@@ -15,28 +16,28 @@ The second scenario is that of sequential hashing where we take a sequence of le
 
 #### Scenario 1: 2-to-1 hashing `h(a,b)`
 
-| Function            | BLAKE3 | SHA3    | Poseidon  | Rp64_256  | RPO_256 |
-| ------------------- | ------ | --------| --------- | --------- | ------- |
-| Apple M1 Pro        | 80 ns  | 245 ns  |  1.5 us   |  9.1 us   | 5.4 us  |
-| Apple M2            | 76 ns  | 233 ns  |  1.3 us   |  7.9 us   | 5.0 us  |
-| Amazon Graviton 3   | 108 ns |         |           |           | 5.3 us  |
-| AMD Ryzen 9 5950X   | 64 ns  | 273 ns  |  1.2 us   |  9.1 us   | 5.5 us  |
-| Intel Core i5-8279U | 80 ns  |         |           |           | 8.7 us  |
-| Intel Xeon 8375C    | 67 ns  |         |           |           | 8.2 us  |
+| Function            | BLAKE3 | SHA3    | Poseidon  | Rp64_256  | RPO_256 | RPX_256 |
+| ------------------- | ------ | ------- | --------- | --------- | ------- | ------- |
+| Apple M1 Pro        | 76 ns  | 245 ns  |  1.5 µs   |  9.1 µs   | 5.2 µs  | 2.7 µs  |
+| Apple M2 Max        | 71 ns  | 233 ns  |  1.3 µs   |  7.9 µs   | 4.6 µs  | 2.4 µs  |
+| Amazon Graviton 3   | 108 ns |         |           |           | 5.3 µs  | 3.1 µs  |
+| AMD Ryzen 9 5950X   | 64 ns  | 273 ns  |  1.2 µs   |  9.1 µs   | 5.5 µs  |         |
+| Intel Core i5-8279U | 68 ns  | 536 ns  |  2.0 µs   |  13.6 µs  | 8.5 µs  | 4.4 µs  |
+| Intel Xeon 8375C    | 67 ns  |         |           |           | 8.2 µs  |         |
 
 #### Scenario 2: Sequential hashing of 100 elements `h([a_0,...,a_99])`
 
-| Function            | BLAKE3 | SHA3    | Poseidon  | Rp64_256  | RPO_256 |
-| ------------------- | -------| ------- | --------- | --------- | ------- |
-| Apple M1 Pro        | 1.0 us | 1.5 us  |  19.4 us  |   118 us  | 70 us   |
-| Apple M2            | 1.0 us | 1.5 us  |  17.4 us  |   103 us  | 65 us   |
-| Amazon Graviton 3   | 1.4 us |         |           |           | 69 us   |
-| AMD Ryzen 9 5950X   | 0.8 us | 1.7 us  |  15.7 us  |   120 us  | 72 us   |
-| Intel Core i5-8279U | 1.0 us |         |           |           | 116 us  |
-| Intel Xeon 8375C    | 0.8 ns |         |           |           | 110 us  |
+| Function            | BLAKE3 | SHA3    | Poseidon  | Rp64_256  | RPO_256 | RPX_256 |
+| ------------------- | -------| ------- | --------- | --------- | ------- | ------- |
+| Apple M1 Pro        | 1.0 µs | 1.5 µs  |  19.4 µs  |   118 µs  | 69 µs   | 35 µs   |
+| Apple M2 Max        | 0.9 µs | 1.5 µs  |  17.4 µs  |   103 µs  | 60 µs   | 31 µs   |
+| Amazon Graviton 3   | 1.4 µs |         |           |           | 69 µs   | 41 µs   |
+| AMD Ryzen 9 5950X   | 0.8 µs | 1.7 µs  |  15.7 µs  |   120 µs  | 72 µs   |         |
+| Intel Core i5-8279U | 0.9 µs |         |           |           | 107 µs  | 56 µs   |
+| Intel Xeon 8375C    | 0.8 µs |         |           |           | 110 µs  |         |
 
 Notes:
-- On Graviton 3, RPO256 is run with SVE acceleration enabled.
+- On Graviton 3, RPO256 and RPX256 are run with SVE acceleration enabled.
 
 ### Instructions
 Before you can run the benchmarks, you'll need to make sure you have Rust [installed](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install). After that, to run the benchmarks for RPO and BLAKE3, clone the current repository, and from the root directory of the repo run the following:

benches/hash.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use miden_crypto::{
     hash::{
         blake::Blake3_256,
         rpo::{Rpo256, RpoDigest},
+        rpx::{Rpx256, RpxDigest},
     },
     Felt,
 };
@@ -57,6 +58,54 @@ fn rpo256_sequential(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
+fn rpx256_2to1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let v: [RpxDigest; 2] = [Rpx256::hash(&[1_u8]), Rpx256::hash(&[2_u8])];
+    c.bench_function("RPX256 2-to-1 hashing (cached)", |bench| {
+        bench.iter(|| Rpx256::merge(black_box(&v)))
+    });
+
+    c.bench_function("RPX256 2-to-1 hashing (random)", |bench| {
+        bench.iter_batched(
+            || {
+                [
+                    Rpx256::hash(&rand_value::<u64>().to_le_bytes()),
+                    Rpx256::hash(&rand_value::<u64>().to_le_bytes()),
+                ]
+            },
+            |state| Rpx256::merge(&state),
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        )
+    });
+}
+
+fn rpx256_sequential(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let v: [Felt; 100] = (0..100)
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(Felt::new)
+        .collect::<Vec<Felt>>()
+        .try_into()
+        .expect("should not fail");
+    c.bench_function("RPX256 sequential hashing (cached)", |bench| {
+        bench.iter(|| Rpx256::hash_elements(black_box(&v)))
+    });
+
+    c.bench_function("RPX256 sequential hashing (random)", |bench| {
+        bench.iter_batched(
+            || {
+                let v: [Felt; 100] = (0..100)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|_| Felt::new(rand_value()))
+                    .collect::<Vec<Felt>>()
+                    .try_into()
+                    .expect("should not fail");
+                v
+            },
+            |state| Rpx256::hash_elements(&state),
+            BatchSize::SmallInput,
+        )
+    });
+}
+
 fn blake3_2to1(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let v: [<Blake3_256 as Hasher>::Digest; 2] =
         [Blake3_256::hash(&[1_u8]), Blake3_256::hash(&[2_u8])];
@@ -106,5 +155,13 @@ fn blake3_sequential(c: &mut Criterion) {
     });
 }
 
-criterion_group!(hash_group, rpo256_2to1, rpo256_sequential, blake3_2to1, blake3_sequential);
+criterion_group!(
+    hash_group,
+    rpx256_2to1,
+    rpx256_sequential,
+    rpo256_2to1,
+    rpo256_sequential,
+    blake3_2to1,
+    blake3_sequential
+);
 criterion_main!(hash_group);

src/dsa/rpo_falcon512/keys.rs

@@ -147,7 +147,12 @@ impl KeyPair {
         };
 
         if res == 0 {
-            Ok(Signature { sig, pk: self.public_key })
+            Ok(Signature {
+                sig,
+                pk: self.public_key,
+                pk_polynomial: Default::default(),
+                sig_polynomial: Default::default(),
+            })
         } else {
             Err(FalconError::SigGenerationFailed)
         }

src/dsa/rpo_falcon512/signature.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use super::{
     SIG_L2_BOUND, ZERO,
 };
 use crate::utils::string::ToString;
+use core::cell::OnceCell;
 
 // FALCON SIGNATURE
 // ================================================================================================
@@ -43,6 +44,10 @@ use crate::utils::string::ToString;
 pub struct Signature {
     pub(super) pk: PublicKeyBytes,
     pub(super) sig: SignatureBytes,
+
+    // Cached polynomial decoding for public key and signatures
+    pub(super) pk_polynomial: OnceCell<Polynomial>,
+    pub(super) sig_polynomial: OnceCell<Polynomial>,
 }
 
 impl Signature {
@@ -51,10 +56,11 @@ impl Signature {
 
     /// Returns the public key polynomial h.
     pub fn pub_key_poly(&self) -> Polynomial {
-        // TODO: memoize
-        // we assume that the signature was constructed with a valid public key, and thus
-        // expect() is OK here.
-        Polynomial::from_pub_key(&self.pk).expect("invalid public key")
+        *self.pk_polynomial.get_or_init(|| {
+            // we assume that the signature was constructed with a valid public key, and thus
+            // expect() is OK here.
+            Polynomial::from_pub_key(&self.pk).expect("invalid public key")
+        })
     }
 
     /// Returns the nonce component of the signature represented as field elements.
@@ -70,10 +76,11 @@ impl Signature {
 
     // Returns the polynomial representation of the signature in Z_p[x]/(phi).
     pub fn sig_poly(&self) -> Polynomial {
-        // TODO: memoize
-        // we assume that the signature was constructed with a valid signature, and thus
-        // expect() is OK here.
-        Polynomial::from_signature(&self.sig).expect("invalid signature")
+        *self.sig_polynomial.get_or_init(|| {
+            // we assume that the signature was constructed with a valid signature, and thus
+            // expect() is OK here.
+            Polynomial::from_signature(&self.sig).expect("invalid signature")
+        })
     }
 
     // HASH-TO-POINT
@@ -123,12 +130,14 @@ impl Deserializable for Signature {
         let sig: SignatureBytes = source.read_array()?;
 
         // make sure public key and signature can be decoded correctly
-        Polynomial::from_pub_key(&pk)
-            .map_err(|err| DeserializationError::InvalidValue(err.to_string()))?;
-        Polynomial::from_signature(&sig[41..])
-            .map_err(|err| DeserializationError::InvalidValue(err.to_string()))?;
+        let pk_polynomial = Polynomial::from_pub_key(&pk)
+            .map_err(|err| DeserializationError::InvalidValue(err.to_string()))?
+            .into();
+        let sig_polynomial = Polynomial::from_signature(&sig[41..])
+            .map_err(|err| DeserializationError::InvalidValue(err.to_string()))?
+            .into();
 
-        Ok(Self { pk, sig })
+        Ok(Self { pk, sig, pk_polynomial, sig_polynomial })
     }
 }
 

src/gkr/circuit/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,977 @@
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use winter_crypto::{ElementHasher, RandomCoin};
+use winter_math::fields::f64::BaseElement;
+use winter_math::FieldElement;
+
+use crate::gkr::multivariate::{
+    ComposedMultiLinearsOracle, EqPolynomial, GkrCompositionVanilla, MultiLinearOracle,
+};
+use crate::gkr::sumcheck::{sum_check_verify, Claim};
+
+use super::multivariate::{
+    gen_plain_gkr_oracle, gkr_composition_from_composition_polys, ComposedMultiLinears,
+    CompositionPolynomial, MultiLinear,
+};
+use super::sumcheck::{
+    sum_check_prove, sum_check_verify_and_reduce, FinalEvaluationClaim,
+    PartialProof as SumcheckInstanceProof, RoundProof as SumCheckRoundProof, Witness,
+};
+
+/// Layered circuit for computing a sum of fractions.
+///
+/// The circuit computes a sum of fractions based on the formula a / c + b / d = (a * d + b * c) / (c * d)
+/// which defines a "gate" ((a, b), (c, d)) --> (a * d + b * c, c * d) upon which the `FractionalSumCircuit`
+/// is built.
+/// TODO: Swap 1 and 0
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FractionalSumCircuit<E: FieldElement> {
+    p_1_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>>,
+    p_0_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>>,
+    q_1_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>>,
+    q_0_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>>,
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement> FractionalSumCircuit<E> {
+    /// Computes The values of the gates outputs for each of the layers of the fractional sum circuit.
+    pub fn new_(num_den: &Vec<MultiLinear<E>>) -> Self {
+        let mut p_1_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut p_0_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut q_1_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut q_0_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+
+        let num_layers = num_den[0].len().ilog2() as usize;
+
+        p_1_vec.push(num_den[0].to_owned());
+        p_0_vec.push(num_den[1].to_owned());
+        q_1_vec.push(num_den[2].to_owned());
+        q_0_vec.push(num_den[3].to_owned());
+
+        for i in 0..num_layers {
+            let (output_p_1, output_p_0, output_q_1, output_q_0) =
+                FractionalSumCircuit::compute_layer(
+                    &p_1_vec[i],
+                    &p_0_vec[i],
+                    &q_1_vec[i],
+                    &q_0_vec[i],
+                );
+            p_1_vec.push(output_p_1);
+            p_0_vec.push(output_p_0);
+            q_1_vec.push(output_q_1);
+            q_0_vec.push(output_q_0);
+        }
+
+        FractionalSumCircuit { p_1_vec, p_0_vec, q_1_vec, q_0_vec }
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the output values of the layer given a set of input values
+    fn compute_layer(
+        inp_p_1: &MultiLinear<E>,
+        inp_p_0: &MultiLinear<E>,
+        inp_q_1: &MultiLinear<E>,
+        inp_q_0: &MultiLinear<E>,
+    ) -> (MultiLinear<E>, MultiLinear<E>, MultiLinear<E>, MultiLinear<E>) {
+        let len = inp_q_1.len();
+        let outp_p_1 = (0..len / 2)
+            .map(|i| inp_p_1[i] * inp_q_0[i] + inp_p_0[i] * inp_q_1[i])
+            .collect::<Vec<E>>();
+        let outp_p_0 = (len / 2..len)
+            .map(|i| inp_p_1[i] * inp_q_0[i] + inp_p_0[i] * inp_q_1[i])
+            .collect::<Vec<E>>();
+        let outp_q_1 = (0..len / 2).map(|i| inp_q_1[i] * inp_q_0[i]).collect::<Vec<E>>();
+        let outp_q_0 = (len / 2..len).map(|i| inp_q_1[i] * inp_q_0[i]).collect::<Vec<E>>();
+
+        (
+            MultiLinear::new(outp_p_1),
+            MultiLinear::new(outp_p_0),
+            MultiLinear::new(outp_q_1),
+            MultiLinear::new(outp_q_0),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Computes The values of the gates outputs for each of the layers of the fractional sum circuit.
+    pub fn new(poly: &MultiLinear<E>) -> Self {
+        let mut p_1_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut p_0_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut q_1_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let mut q_0_vec: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> = Vec::new();
+
+        let num_layers = poly.len().ilog2() as usize - 1;
+        let (output_p, output_q) = poly.split(poly.len() / 2);
+        let (output_p_1, output_p_0) = output_p.split(output_p.len() / 2);
+        let (output_q_1, output_q_0) = output_q.split(output_q.len() / 2);
+
+        p_1_vec.push(output_p_1);
+        p_0_vec.push(output_p_0);
+        q_1_vec.push(output_q_1);
+        q_0_vec.push(output_q_0);
+
+        for i in 0..num_layers - 1 {
+            let (output_p_1, output_p_0, output_q_1, output_q_0) =
+                FractionalSumCircuit::compute_layer(
+                    &p_1_vec[i],
+                    &p_0_vec[i],
+                    &q_1_vec[i],
+                    &q_0_vec[i],
+                );
+            p_1_vec.push(output_p_1);
+            p_0_vec.push(output_p_0);
+            q_1_vec.push(output_q_1);
+            q_0_vec.push(output_q_0);
+        }
+
+        FractionalSumCircuit { p_1_vec, p_0_vec, q_1_vec, q_0_vec }
+    }
+
+    /// Given a value r, computes the evaluation of the last layer at r when interpreted as (two)
+    /// multilinear polynomials.
+    pub fn evaluate(&self, r: E) -> (E, E) {
+        let len = self.p_1_vec.len();
+        assert_eq!(self.p_1_vec[len - 1].num_variables(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(self.p_0_vec[len - 1].num_variables(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(self.q_1_vec[len - 1].num_variables(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(self.q_0_vec[len - 1].num_variables(), 0);
+
+        let mut p_1 = self.p_1_vec[len - 1].clone();
+        p_1.extend(&self.p_0_vec[len - 1]);
+        let mut q_1 = self.q_1_vec[len - 1].clone();
+        q_1.extend(&self.q_0_vec[len - 1]);
+
+        (p_1.evaluate(&[r]), q_1.evaluate(&[r]))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A proof for reducing a claim on the correctness of the output of a layer to that of:
+///
+/// 1. Correctness of a sumcheck proof on the claimed output.
+/// 2. Correctness of the evaluation of the input (to the said layer) at a random point when
+/// interpreted as multilinear polynomial.
+///
+/// The verifier will then have to work backward and:
+///
+/// 1. Verify that the sumcheck proof is valid.
+/// 2. Recurse on the (claimed evaluations) using the same approach as above.
+///
+/// Note that the following struct batches proofs for many circuits of the same type that
+/// are independent i.e., parallel.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LayerProof<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub proof: SumcheckInstanceProof<E>,
+    pub claims_sum_p1: E,
+    pub claims_sum_p0: E,
+    pub claims_sum_q1: E,
+    pub claims_sum_q0: E,
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+impl<E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement> + 'static> LayerProof<E> {
+    /// Checks the validity of a `LayerProof`.
+    ///
+    /// It first reduces the 2 claims to 1 claim using randomness and then checks that the sumcheck
+    /// protocol was correctly executed.
+    ///
+    /// The method outputs:
+    ///
+    /// 1. A vector containing the randomness sent by the verifier throughout the course of the
+    /// sum-check protocol.
+    /// 2. The (claimed) evaluation of the inner polynomial (i.e., the one being summed) at the this random vector.
+    /// 3. The random value used in the 2-to-1 reduction of the 2 sumchecks.  
+    pub fn verify_sum_check_before_last<
+        C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+        H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    >(
+        &self,
+        claim: (E, E),
+        num_rounds: usize,
+        transcript: &mut C,
+    ) -> ((E, Vec<E>), E) {
+        // Absorb the claims
+        let data = vec![claim.0, claim.1];
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+        // Squeeze challenge to reduce two sumchecks to one
+        let r_sum_check: E = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+        // Run the sumcheck protocol
+
+        // Given r_sum_check and claim, we create a Claim with the GKR composer and then call the generic sum-check verifier
+        let reduced_claim = claim.0 + claim.1 * r_sum_check;
+
+        // Create vanilla oracle
+        let oracle = gen_plain_gkr_oracle(num_rounds, r_sum_check);
+
+        // Create sum-check claim
+        let transformed_claim = Claim {
+            sum_value: reduced_claim,
+            polynomial: oracle,
+        };
+
+        let reduced_gkr_claim =
+            sum_check_verify_and_reduce(&transformed_claim, self.proof.clone(), transcript);
+
+        (reduced_gkr_claim, r_sum_check)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct GkrClaim<E: FieldElement + 'static> {
+    evaluation_point: Vec<E>,
+    claimed_evaluation: (E, E),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CircuitProof<E: FieldElement + 'static> {
+    pub proof: Vec<LayerProof<E>>,
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement> + 'static> CircuitProof<E> {
+    pub fn prove<
+        C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+        H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    >(
+        circuit: &mut FractionalSumCircuit<E>,
+        transcript: &mut C,
+    ) -> (Self, Vec<E>, Vec<Vec<E>>) {
+        let mut proof_layers: Vec<LayerProof<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let num_layers = circuit.p_0_vec.len();
+
+        let data = vec![
+            circuit.p_1_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+            circuit.p_0_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+            circuit.q_1_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+            circuit.q_0_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+        ];
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+        // Challenge to reduce p1, p0, q1, q0 to pr, qr
+        let r_cord = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+        // Compute the (2-to-1 folded) claim
+        let mut claim = circuit.evaluate(r_cord);
+        let mut all_rand = Vec::new();
+
+        let mut rand = Vec::new();
+        rand.push(r_cord);
+        for layer_id in (0..num_layers - 1).rev() {
+            let len = circuit.p_0_vec[layer_id].len();
+
+            // Construct the Lagrange kernel evaluated at previous GKR round randomness.
+            // TODO: Treat the direction of doing sum-check more robustly.
+            let mut rand_reversed = rand.clone();
+            rand_reversed.reverse();
+            let eq_evals = EqPolynomial::new(rand_reversed.clone()).evaluations();
+            let mut poly_x = MultiLinear::from_values(&eq_evals);
+            assert_eq!(poly_x.len(), len);
+
+            let num_rounds = poly_x.len().ilog2() as usize;
+
+            // 1. A is a polynomial containing the evaluations `p_1`.
+            // 2. B is a polynomial containing the evaluations `p_0`.
+            // 3. C is a polynomial containing the evaluations `q_1`.
+            // 4. D is a polynomial containing the evaluations `q_0`.
+            let poly_a: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            let poly_b: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            let poly_c: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            let poly_d: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            poly_a = &mut circuit.p_1_vec[layer_id];
+            poly_b = &mut circuit.p_0_vec[layer_id];
+            poly_c = &mut circuit.q_1_vec[layer_id];
+            poly_d = &mut circuit.q_0_vec[layer_id];
+
+            let poly_vec_par = (poly_a, poly_b, poly_c, poly_d, &mut poly_x);
+
+            // The (non-linear) polynomial combining the multilinear polynomials
+            let comb_func = |a: &E, b: &E, c: &E, d: &E, x: &E, rho: &E| -> E {
+                (*a * *d + *b * *c + *rho * *c * *d) * *x
+            };
+
+            // Run the sumcheck protocol
+            let (proof, rand_sumcheck, claims_sum) = sum_check_prover_gkr_before_last::<E, _, _>(
+                claim,
+                num_rounds,
+                poly_vec_par,
+                comb_func,
+                transcript,
+            );
+
+            let (claims_sum_p1, claims_sum_p0, claims_sum_q1, claims_sum_q0, _claims_eq) =
+                claims_sum;
+
+            let data = vec![claims_sum_p1, claims_sum_p0, claims_sum_q1, claims_sum_q0];
+            transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+            // Produce a random challenge to condense claims into a single claim
+            let r_layer = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+            claim = (
+                claims_sum_p1 + r_layer * (claims_sum_p0 - claims_sum_p1),
+                claims_sum_q1 + r_layer * (claims_sum_q0 - claims_sum_q1),
+            );
+
+            // Collect the randomness used for the current layer in order to construct the random
+            // point where the input multilinear polynomials were evaluated.
+            let mut ext = rand_sumcheck;
+            ext.push(r_layer);
+            all_rand.push(rand);
+            rand = ext;
+
+            proof_layers.push(LayerProof {
+                proof,
+                claims_sum_p1,
+                claims_sum_p0,
+                claims_sum_q1,
+                claims_sum_q0,
+            });
+        }
+
+        (CircuitProof { proof: proof_layers }, rand, all_rand)
+    }
+
+    pub fn prove_virtual_bus<
+        C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+        H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    >(
+        composition_polys: Vec<Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>>,
+        mls: &mut Vec<MultiLinear<E>>,
+        transcript: &mut C,
+    ) -> (Vec<E>, Self, super::sumcheck::FullProof<E>) {
+        let num_evaluations = 1 << mls[0].num_variables();
+
+        // I) Evaluate the numerators and denominators over the boolean hyper-cube
+        let mut num_den: Vec<Vec<E>> = vec![vec![]; 4];
+        for i in 0..num_evaluations {
+            for j in 0..4 {
+                let query: Vec<E> = mls.iter().map(|ml| ml[i]).collect();
+
+                composition_polys[j].iter().for_each(|c| {
+                    let evaluation = c.as_ref().evaluate(&query);
+                    num_den[j].push(evaluation);
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        // II) Evaluate the GKR fractional sum circuit
+        let input: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> =
+            (0..4).map(|i| MultiLinear::from_values(&num_den[i])).collect();
+        let mut circuit = FractionalSumCircuit::new_(&input);
+
+        // III) Run the GKR prover for all layers except the last one
+        let (gkr_proofs, GkrClaim { evaluation_point, claimed_evaluation }) =
+            CircuitProof::prove_before_final(&mut circuit, transcript);
+
+        // IV) Run the sum-check prover for the last GKR layer counting backwards i.e., first layer
+        // in the circuit.
+
+        // 1) Build the EQ polynomial (Lagrange kernel) at the randomness sampled during the previous
+        // sum-check protocol run
+        let mut rand_reversed = evaluation_point.clone();
+        rand_reversed.reverse();
+        let eq_evals = EqPolynomial::new(rand_reversed.clone()).evaluations();
+        let poly_x = MultiLinear::from_values(&eq_evals);
+
+        // 2) Add the Lagrange kernel to the list of MLs
+        mls.push(poly_x);
+
+        // 3) Absorb the final sum-check claims and generate randomness for 2-to-1 sum-check reduction
+        let data = vec![claimed_evaluation.0, claimed_evaluation.1];
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+        // Squeeze challenge to reduce two sumchecks to one
+        let r_sum_check = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+        let reduced_claim = claimed_evaluation.0 + claimed_evaluation.1 * r_sum_check;
+
+        // 4) Create the composed ML representing the numerators and denominators of the topmost GKR layer
+        let gkr_final_composed_ml = gkr_composition_from_composition_polys(
+            &composition_polys,
+            r_sum_check,
+            1 << mls[0].num_variables,
+        );
+        let composed_ml =
+            ComposedMultiLinears::new(Arc::new(gkr_final_composed_ml.clone()), mls.to_vec());
+
+        // 5) Create the composed ML oracle. This will be used for verifying the FinalEvaluationClaim downstream
+        // TODO: This should be an input to the current function.
+        // TODO: Make MultiLinearOracle a variant in an enum so that it is possible to capture other types of oracles.
+        // For example, shifts of polynomials, Lagrange kernels at a random point or periodic (transparent) polynomials.
+        let left_num_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 0 };
+        let right_num_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 1 };
+        let left_denom_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 2 };
+        let right_denom_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 3 };
+        let eq_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 4 };
+        let composed_ml_oracle = ComposedMultiLinearsOracle {
+            composer: (Arc::new(gkr_final_composed_ml.clone())),
+            multi_linears: vec![
+                eq_oracle,
+                left_num_oracle,
+                right_num_oracle,
+                left_denom_oracle,
+                right_denom_oracle,
+            ],
+        };
+
+        // 6) Create the claim for the final sum-check protocol.
+        let claim = Claim {
+            sum_value: reduced_claim,
+            polynomial: composed_ml_oracle.clone(),
+        };
+
+        // 7) Create the witness for the sum-check claim.
+        let witness = Witness { polynomial: composed_ml };
+        let output = sum_check_prove(&claim, composed_ml_oracle, witness, transcript);
+
+        // 8) Create the claimed output of the circuit.
+        let circuit_outputs = vec![
+            circuit.p_1_vec.last().unwrap()[0],
+            circuit.p_0_vec.last().unwrap()[0],
+            circuit.q_1_vec.last().unwrap()[0],
+            circuit.q_0_vec.last().unwrap()[0],
+        ];
+
+        // 9) Return:
+        //  1. The claimed circuit outputs.
+        //  2. GKR proofs of all circuit layers except the initial layer.
+        //  3. Output of the final sum-check protocol.
+        (circuit_outputs, gkr_proofs, output)
+    }
+
+    pub fn prove_before_final<
+        C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+        H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    >(
+        sum_circuits: &mut FractionalSumCircuit<E>,
+        transcript: &mut C,
+    ) -> (Self, GkrClaim<E>) {
+        let mut proof_layers: Vec<LayerProof<E>> = Vec::new();
+        let num_layers = sum_circuits.p_0_vec.len();
+
+        let data = vec![
+            sum_circuits.p_1_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+            sum_circuits.p_0_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+            sum_circuits.q_1_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+            sum_circuits.q_0_vec[num_layers - 1][0],
+        ];
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+        // Challenge to reduce p1, p0, q1, q0 to pr, qr
+        let r_cord = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+        // Compute the (2-to-1 folded) claim
+        let mut claims_to_verify = sum_circuits.evaluate(r_cord);
+        let mut all_rand = Vec::new();
+
+        let mut rand = Vec::new();
+        rand.push(r_cord);
+        for layer_id in (1..num_layers - 1).rev() {
+            let len = sum_circuits.p_0_vec[layer_id].len();
+
+            // Construct the Lagrange kernel evaluated at previous GKR round randomness.
+            // TODO: Treat the direction of doing sum-check more robustly.
+            let mut rand_reversed = rand.clone();
+            rand_reversed.reverse();
+            let eq_evals = EqPolynomial::new(rand_reversed.clone()).evaluations();
+            let mut poly_x = MultiLinear::from_values(&eq_evals);
+            assert_eq!(poly_x.len(), len);
+
+            let num_rounds = poly_x.len().ilog2() as usize;
+
+            // 1. A is a polynomial containing the evaluations `p_1`.
+            // 2. B is a polynomial containing the evaluations `p_0`.
+            // 3. C is a polynomial containing the evaluations `q_1`.
+            // 4. D is a polynomial containing the evaluations `q_0`.
+            let poly_a: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            let poly_b: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            let poly_c: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            let poly_d: &mut MultiLinear<E>;
+            poly_a = &mut sum_circuits.p_1_vec[layer_id];
+            poly_b = &mut sum_circuits.p_0_vec[layer_id];
+            poly_c = &mut sum_circuits.q_1_vec[layer_id];
+            poly_d = &mut sum_circuits.q_0_vec[layer_id];
+
+            let poly_vec = (poly_a, poly_b, poly_c, poly_d, &mut poly_x);
+
+            let claim = claims_to_verify;
+
+            // The (non-linear) polynomial combining the multilinear polynomials
+            let comb_func = |a: &E, b: &E, c: &E, d: &E, x: &E, rho: &E| -> E {
+                (*a * *d + *b * *c + *rho * *c * *d) * *x
+            };
+
+            // Run the sumcheck protocol
+            let (proof, rand_sumcheck, claims_sum) = sum_check_prover_gkr_before_last::<E, _, _>(
+                claim, num_rounds, poly_vec, comb_func, transcript,
+            );
+
+            let (claims_sum_p1, claims_sum_p0, claims_sum_q1, claims_sum_q0, _claims_eq) =
+                claims_sum;
+
+            let data = vec![claims_sum_p1, claims_sum_p0, claims_sum_q1, claims_sum_q0];
+            transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+            // Produce a random challenge to condense claims into a single claim
+            let r_layer = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+            claims_to_verify = (
+                claims_sum_p1 + r_layer * (claims_sum_p0 - claims_sum_p1),
+                claims_sum_q1 + r_layer * (claims_sum_q0 - claims_sum_q1),
+            );
+
+            // Collect the randomness used for the current layer in order to construct the random
+            // point where the input multilinear polynomials were evaluated.
+            let mut ext = rand_sumcheck;
+            ext.push(r_layer);
+            all_rand.push(rand);
+            rand = ext;
+
+            proof_layers.push(LayerProof {
+                proof,
+                claims_sum_p1,
+                claims_sum_p0,
+                claims_sum_q1,
+                claims_sum_q0,
+            });
+        }
+        let gkr_claim = GkrClaim {
+            evaluation_point: rand.clone(),
+            claimed_evaluation: claims_to_verify,
+        };
+
+        (CircuitProof { proof: proof_layers }, gkr_claim)
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify<
+        C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+        H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    >(
+        &self,
+        claims_sum_vec: &[E],
+        transcript: &mut C,
+    ) -> ((E, E), Vec<E>) {
+        let num_layers = self.proof.len() as usize - 1;
+        let mut rand: Vec<E> = Vec::new();
+
+        let data = claims_sum_vec;
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+        let r_cord = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+        let p_poly_coef = vec![claims_sum_vec[0], claims_sum_vec[1]];
+        let q_poly_coef = vec![claims_sum_vec[2], claims_sum_vec[3]];
+
+        let p_poly = MultiLinear::new(p_poly_coef);
+        let q_poly = MultiLinear::new(q_poly_coef);
+        let p_eval = p_poly.evaluate(&[r_cord]);
+        let q_eval = q_poly.evaluate(&[r_cord]);
+
+        let mut reduced_claim = (p_eval, q_eval);
+
+        rand.push(r_cord);
+        for (num_rounds, i) in (0..num_layers).enumerate() {
+            let ((claim_last, rand_sumcheck), r_two_sumchecks) = self.proof[i]
+                .verify_sum_check_before_last::<_, _>(reduced_claim, num_rounds + 1, transcript);
+
+            let claims_sum_p1 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_p1;
+            let claims_sum_p0 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_p0;
+            let claims_sum_q1 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_q1;
+            let claims_sum_q0 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_q0;
+
+            let data = vec![
+                claims_sum_p1.clone(),
+                claims_sum_p0.clone(),
+                claims_sum_q1.clone(),
+                claims_sum_q0.clone(),
+            ];
+            transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+            assert_eq!(rand.len(), rand_sumcheck.len());
+
+            let eq: E = (0..rand.len())
+                .map(|i| {
+                    rand[i] * rand_sumcheck[i] + (E::ONE - rand[i]) * (E::ONE - rand_sumcheck[i])
+                })
+                .fold(E::ONE, |acc, term| acc * term);
+
+            let claim_expected: E = (*claims_sum_p1 * *claims_sum_q0
+                + *claims_sum_p0 * *claims_sum_q1
+                + r_two_sumchecks * *claims_sum_q1 * *claims_sum_q0)
+                * eq;
+
+            assert_eq!(claim_expected, claim_last);
+
+            // Produce a random challenge to condense claims into a single claim
+            let r_layer = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+            reduced_claim = (
+                *claims_sum_p1 + r_layer * (*claims_sum_p0 - *claims_sum_p1),
+                *claims_sum_q1 + r_layer * (*claims_sum_q0 - *claims_sum_q1),
+            );
+
+            // Collect the randomness' used for the current layer in order to construct the random
+            // point where the input multilinear polynomials were evaluated.
+            let mut ext = rand_sumcheck;
+            ext.push(r_layer);
+            rand = ext;
+        }
+        (reduced_claim, rand)
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify_virtual_bus<
+        C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+        H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    >(
+        &self,
+        composition_polys: Vec<Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>>,
+        final_layer_proof: super::sumcheck::FullProof<E>,
+        claims_sum_vec: &[E],
+        transcript: &mut C,
+    ) -> (FinalEvaluationClaim<E>, Vec<E>) {
+        let num_layers = self.proof.len() as usize;
+        let mut rand: Vec<E> = Vec::new();
+
+        // Check that a/b + d/e is equal to 0
+        assert_ne!(claims_sum_vec[2], E::ZERO);
+        assert_ne!(claims_sum_vec[3], E::ZERO);
+        assert_eq!(
+            claims_sum_vec[0] * claims_sum_vec[3] + claims_sum_vec[1] * claims_sum_vec[2],
+            E::ZERO
+        );
+
+        let data = claims_sum_vec;
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+        let r_cord = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+        let p_poly_coef = vec![claims_sum_vec[0], claims_sum_vec[1]];
+        let q_poly_coef = vec![claims_sum_vec[2], claims_sum_vec[3]];
+
+        let p_poly = MultiLinear::new(p_poly_coef);
+        let q_poly = MultiLinear::new(q_poly_coef);
+        let p_eval = p_poly.evaluate(&[r_cord]);
+        let q_eval = q_poly.evaluate(&[r_cord]);
+
+        let mut reduced_claim = (p_eval, q_eval);
+
+        // I) Verify all GKR layers but for the last one counting backwards.
+        rand.push(r_cord);
+        for (num_rounds, i) in (0..num_layers).enumerate() {
+            let ((claim_last, rand_sumcheck), r_two_sumchecks) = self.proof[i]
+                .verify_sum_check_before_last::<_, _>(reduced_claim, num_rounds + 1, transcript);
+
+            let claims_sum_p1 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_p1;
+            let claims_sum_p0 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_p0;
+            let claims_sum_q1 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_q1;
+            let claims_sum_q0 = &self.proof[i].claims_sum_q0;
+
+            let data = vec![
+                claims_sum_p1.clone(),
+                claims_sum_p0.clone(),
+                claims_sum_q1.clone(),
+                claims_sum_q0.clone(),
+            ];
+            transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+            assert_eq!(rand.len(), rand_sumcheck.len());
+
+            let eq: E = (0..rand.len())
+                .map(|i| {
+                    rand[i] * rand_sumcheck[i] + (E::ONE - rand[i]) * (E::ONE - rand_sumcheck[i])
+                })
+                .fold(E::ONE, |acc, term| acc * term);
+
+            let claim_expected: E = (*claims_sum_p1 * *claims_sum_q0
+                + *claims_sum_p0 * *claims_sum_q1
+                + r_two_sumchecks * *claims_sum_q1 * *claims_sum_q0)
+                * eq;
+
+            assert_eq!(claim_expected, claim_last);
+
+            // Produce a random challenge to condense claims into a single claim
+            let r_layer = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+            reduced_claim = (
+                *claims_sum_p1 + r_layer * (*claims_sum_p0 - *claims_sum_p1),
+                *claims_sum_q1 + r_layer * (*claims_sum_q0 - *claims_sum_q1),
+            );
+
+            let mut ext = rand_sumcheck;
+            ext.push(r_layer);
+            rand = ext;
+        }
+
+        // II) Verify the final GKR layer counting backwards.
+
+        // Absorb the claims
+        let data = vec![reduced_claim.0, reduced_claim.1];
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+        // Squeeze challenge to reduce two sumchecks to one
+        let r_sum_check = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+        let reduced_claim = reduced_claim.0 + reduced_claim.1 * r_sum_check;
+
+        let gkr_final_composed_ml = gkr_composition_from_composition_polys(
+            &composition_polys,
+            r_sum_check,
+            1 << (num_layers + 1),
+        );
+
+        // TODO: refactor
+        let composed_ml_oracle = {
+            let left_num_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 0 };
+            let right_num_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 1 };
+            let left_denom_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 2 };
+            let right_denom_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 3 };
+            let eq_oracle = MultiLinearOracle { id: 4 };
+            ComposedMultiLinearsOracle {
+                composer: (Arc::new(gkr_final_composed_ml.clone())),
+                multi_linears: vec![
+                    eq_oracle,
+                    left_num_oracle,
+                    right_num_oracle,
+                    left_denom_oracle,
+                    right_denom_oracle,
+                ],
+            }
+        };
+
+        let claim = Claim {
+            sum_value: reduced_claim,
+            polynomial: composed_ml_oracle.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let final_eval_claim = sum_check_verify(&claim, final_layer_proof, transcript);
+
+        (final_eval_claim, rand)
+    }
+}
+
+fn sum_check_prover_gkr_before_last<
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+>(
+    claim: (E, E),
+    num_rounds: usize,
+    ml_polys: (
+        &mut MultiLinear<E>,
+        &mut MultiLinear<E>,
+        &mut MultiLinear<E>,
+        &mut MultiLinear<E>,
+        &mut MultiLinear<E>,
+    ),
+    comb_func: impl Fn(&E, &E, &E, &E, &E, &E) -> E,
+    transcript: &mut C,
+) -> (SumcheckInstanceProof<E>, Vec<E>, (E, E, E, E, E)) {
+    // Absorb the claims
+    let data = vec![claim.0, claim.1];
+    transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&data));
+
+    // Squeeze challenge to reduce two sumchecks to one
+    let r_sum_check = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+
+    let (poly_a, poly_b, poly_c, poly_d, poly_x) = ml_polys;
+
+    let mut e = claim.0 + claim.1 * r_sum_check;
+
+    let mut r: Vec<E> = Vec::new();
+    let mut round_proofs: Vec<SumCheckRoundProof<E>> = Vec::new();
+
+    for _j in 0..num_rounds {
+        let evals: (E, E, E) = {
+            let mut eval_point_0 = E::ZERO;
+            let mut eval_point_2 = E::ZERO;
+            let mut eval_point_3 = E::ZERO;
+
+            let len = poly_a.len() / 2;
+            for i in 0..len {
+                // The interpolation formula for a linear function is:
+                // z * A(x) + (1 - z) * A (y)
+                // z * A(1) + (1 - z) * A(0)
+
+                // eval at z = 0: A(1)
+                eval_point_0 += comb_func(
+                    &poly_a[i << 1],
+                    &poly_b[i << 1],
+                    &poly_c[i << 1],
+                    &poly_d[i << 1],
+                    &poly_x[i << 1],
+                    &r_sum_check,
+                );
+
+                let poly_a_u = poly_a[(i << 1) + 1];
+                let poly_a_v = poly_a[i << 1];
+                let poly_b_u = poly_b[(i << 1) + 1];
+                let poly_b_v = poly_b[i << 1];
+                let poly_c_u = poly_c[(i << 1) + 1];
+                let poly_c_v = poly_c[i << 1];
+                let poly_d_u = poly_d[(i << 1) + 1];
+                let poly_d_v = poly_d[i << 1];
+                let poly_x_u = poly_x[(i << 1) + 1];
+                let poly_x_v = poly_x[i << 1];
+
+                // eval at z = 2: 2 * A(1) - A(0)
+                let poly_a_extrapolated_point = poly_a_u + poly_a_u - poly_a_v;
+                let poly_b_extrapolated_point = poly_b_u + poly_b_u - poly_b_v;
+                let poly_c_extrapolated_point = poly_c_u + poly_c_u - poly_c_v;
+                let poly_d_extrapolated_point = poly_d_u + poly_d_u - poly_d_v;
+                let poly_x_extrapolated_point = poly_x_u + poly_x_u - poly_x_v;
+                eval_point_2 += comb_func(
+                    &poly_a_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_b_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_c_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_d_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_x_extrapolated_point,
+                    &r_sum_check,
+                );
+
+                // eval at z = 3: 3 * A(1) - 2 * A(0) = 2 * A(1) - A(0) + A(1) - A(0)
+                // hence we can compute the evaluation at z + 1 from that of z for z > 1
+                let poly_a_extrapolated_point = poly_a_extrapolated_point + poly_a_u - poly_a_v;
+                let poly_b_extrapolated_point = poly_b_extrapolated_point + poly_b_u - poly_b_v;
+                let poly_c_extrapolated_point = poly_c_extrapolated_point + poly_c_u - poly_c_v;
+                let poly_d_extrapolated_point = poly_d_extrapolated_point + poly_d_u - poly_d_v;
+                let poly_x_extrapolated_point = poly_x_extrapolated_point + poly_x_u - poly_x_v;
+
+                eval_point_3 += comb_func(
+                    &poly_a_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_b_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_c_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_d_extrapolated_point,
+                    &poly_x_extrapolated_point,
+                    &r_sum_check,
+                );
+            }
+
+            (eval_point_0, eval_point_2, eval_point_3)
+        };
+
+        let eval_0 = evals.0;
+        let eval_2 = evals.1;
+        let eval_3 = evals.2;
+
+        let evals = vec![e - eval_0, eval_2, eval_3];
+        let compressed_poly = SumCheckRoundProof { poly_evals: evals };
+
+        // append the prover's message to the transcript
+        transcript.reseed(H::hash_elements(&compressed_poly.poly_evals));
+
+        // derive the verifier's challenge for the next round
+        let r_j = transcript.draw().unwrap();
+        r.push(r_j);
+
+        poly_a.bind_assign(r_j);
+        poly_b.bind_assign(r_j);
+        poly_c.bind_assign(r_j);
+        poly_d.bind_assign(r_j);
+
+        poly_x.bind_assign(r_j);
+
+        e = compressed_poly.evaluate(e, r_j);
+
+        round_proofs.push(compressed_poly);
+    }
+    let claims_sum = (poly_a[0], poly_b[0], poly_c[0], poly_d[0], poly_x[0]);
+
+    (SumcheckInstanceProof { round_proofs }, r, claims_sum)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod sum_circuit_tests {
+    use crate::rand::RpoRandomCoin;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use rand::Rng;
+    use rand_utils::rand_value;
+    use BaseElement as Felt;
+
+    /// The following tests the fractional sum circuit to check that \sum_{i = 0}^{log(m)-1} m / 2^{i} = 2 * (m - 1)
+    #[test]
+    fn sum_circuit_example() {
+        let n = 4; // n := log(m)
+        let mut inp: Vec<Felt> = (0..n).map(|_| Felt::from(1_u64 << n)).collect();
+        let inp_: Vec<Felt> = (0..n).map(|i| Felt::from(1_u64 << i)).collect();
+        inp.extend(inp_.iter());
+
+        let summation = MultiLinear::new(inp);
+
+        let expected_output = Felt::from(2 * ((1_u64 << n) - 1));
+
+        let mut circuit = FractionalSumCircuit::new(&summation);
+
+        let seed = [BaseElement::ZERO; 4];
+        let mut transcript = RpoRandomCoin::new(seed.into());
+
+        let (proof, _evals, _) = CircuitProof::prove(&mut circuit, &mut transcript);
+
+        let (p1, q1) = circuit.evaluate(Felt::from(1_u8));
+        let (p0, q0) = circuit.evaluate(Felt::from(0_u8));
+        assert_eq!(expected_output, (p1 * q0 + q1 * p0) / (q1 * q0));
+
+        let seed = [BaseElement::ZERO; 4];
+        let mut transcript = RpoRandomCoin::new(seed.into());
+        let claims = vec![p0, p1, q0, q1];
+        proof.verify(&claims, &mut transcript);
+    }
+
+    // Test the fractional sum GKR in the context of LogUp.
+    #[test]
+    fn log_up() {
+        use rand::distributions::Slice;
+
+        let n: usize = 16;
+        let num_w: usize = 31; // This should be of the form 2^k - 1
+        let rng = rand::thread_rng();
+
+        let t_table: Vec<u32> = (0..(1 << n)).collect();
+        let mut m_table: Vec<u32> = (0..(1 << n)).map(|_| 0).collect();
+
+        let t_table_slice = Slice::new(&t_table).unwrap();
+
+        // Construct the witness columns. Uses sampling with replacement in order to have multiplicities
+        // different from 1.
+        let mut w_tables = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..num_w {
+            let wi_table: Vec<u32> =
+                rng.clone().sample_iter(&t_table_slice).cloned().take(1 << n).collect();
+
+            // Construct the multiplicities
+            wi_table.iter().for_each(|w| {
+                m_table[*w as usize] += 1;
+            });
+            w_tables.push(wi_table)
+        }
+
+        // The numerators
+        let mut p: Vec<Felt> = m_table.iter().map(|m| Felt::from(*m as u32)).collect();
+        p.extend((0..(num_w * (1 << n))).map(|_| Felt::from(1_u32)).collect::<Vec<Felt>>());
+
+        // Sample the challenge alpha to construct the denominators.
+        let alpha = rand_value();
+
+        // Construct the denominators
+        let mut q: Vec<Felt> = t_table.iter().map(|t| Felt::from(*t) - alpha).collect();
+        for w_table in w_tables {
+            q.extend(w_table.iter().map(|w| alpha - Felt::from(*w)).collect::<Vec<Felt>>());
+        }
+
+        // Build the input to the fractional sum GKR circuit
+        p.extend(q);
+        let input = p;
+
+        let summation = MultiLinear::new(input);
+
+        let expected_output = Felt::from(0_u8);
+
+        let mut circuit = FractionalSumCircuit::new(&summation);
+
+        let seed = [BaseElement::ZERO; 4];
+        let mut transcript = RpoRandomCoin::new(seed.into());
+
+        let (proof, _evals, _) = CircuitProof::prove(&mut circuit, &mut transcript);
+
+        let (p1, q1) = circuit.evaluate(Felt::from(1_u8));
+        let (p0, q0) = circuit.evaluate(Felt::from(0_u8));
+        assert_eq!(expected_output, (p1 * q0 + q1 * p0) / (q1 * q0)); // This check should be part of verification
+
+        let seed = [BaseElement::ZERO; 4];
+        let mut transcript = RpoRandomCoin::new(seed.into());
+        let claims = vec![p0, p1, q0, q1];
+        proof.verify(&claims, &mut transcript);
+    }
+}

src/gkr/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#![allow(unused_imports)]
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+mod sumcheck;
+mod multivariate;
+mod utils;
+mod circuit;

src/gkr/multivariate/eq_poly.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use super::FieldElement;
+
+pub struct EqPolynomial<E> {
+    r: Vec<E>,
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement> EqPolynomial<E> {
+    pub fn new(r: Vec<E>) -> Self {
+        EqPolynomial { r }
+    }
+
+    pub fn evaluate(&self, rho: &[E]) -> E {
+        assert_eq!(self.r.len(), rho.len());
+        (0..rho.len())
+            .map(|i| self.r[i] * rho[i] + (E::ONE - self.r[i]) * (E::ONE - rho[i]))
+            .fold(E::ONE, |acc, term| acc * term)
+    }
+
+    pub fn evaluations(&self) -> Vec<E> {
+        let nu = self.r.len();
+
+        let mut evals: Vec<E> = vec![E::ONE; 1 << nu];
+        let mut size = 1;
+        for j in 0..nu {
+            size *= 2;
+            for i in (0..size).rev().step_by(2) {
+                let scalar = evals[i / 2];
+                evals[i] = scalar * self.r[j];
+                evals[i - 1] = scalar - evals[i];
+            }
+        }
+        evals
+    }
+}

src/gkr/multivariate/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+use core::ops::Index;
+
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use winter_math::{fields::f64::BaseElement, log2, FieldElement, StarkField};
+
+mod eq_poly;
+pub use eq_poly::EqPolynomial;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MultiLinear<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub num_variables: usize,
+    pub evaluations: Vec<E>,
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement> MultiLinear<E> {
+    pub fn new(values: Vec<E>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            num_variables: log2(values.len()) as usize,
+            evaluations: values,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_values(values: &[E]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            num_variables: log2(values.len()) as usize,
+            evaluations: values.to_owned(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables
+    }
+
+    pub fn evaluations(&self) -> &[E] {
+        &self.evaluations
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.evaluations.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        let tensored_query = tensorize(query);
+        inner_product(&self.evaluations, &tensored_query)
+    }
+
+    pub fn bind(&self, round_challenge: E) -> Self {
+        let mut result = vec![E::ZERO; 1 << (self.num_variables() - 1)];
+        for i in 0..(1 << (self.num_variables() - 1)) {
+            result[i] = self.evaluations[i << 1]
+                + round_challenge * (self.evaluations[(i << 1) + 1] - self.evaluations[i << 1]);
+        }
+        Self::from_values(&result)
+    }
+
+    pub fn bind_assign(&mut self, round_challenge: E) {
+        let mut result = vec![E::ZERO; 1 << (self.num_variables() - 1)];
+        for i in 0..(1 << (self.num_variables() - 1)) {
+            result[i] = self.evaluations[i << 1]
+                + round_challenge * (self.evaluations[(i << 1) + 1] - self.evaluations[i << 1]);
+        }
+        *self = Self::from_values(&result);
+    }
+
+    pub fn split(&self, at: usize) -> (Self, Self) {
+        assert!(at < self.len());
+        (
+            Self::new(self.evaluations[..at].to_vec()),
+            Self::new(self.evaluations[at..2 * at].to_vec()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn extend(&mut self, other: &MultiLinear<E>) {
+        let other_vec = other.evaluations.to_vec();
+        assert_eq!(other_vec.len(), self.len());
+        self.evaluations.extend(other_vec);
+        self.num_variables += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement> Index<usize> for MultiLinear<E> {
+    type Output = E;
+
+    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &E {
+        &(self.evaluations[index])
+    }
+}
+
+/// A multi-variate polynomial for composing individual multi-linear polynomials
+pub trait CompositionPolynomial<E: FieldElement>: Sync + Send {
+    /// The number of variables when interpreted as a multi-variate polynomial.
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize;
+
+    /// Maximum degree in all variables.
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize;
+
+    /// Given a query, of length equal the number of variables, evaluate [Self] at this query.
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E;
+}
+
+pub struct ComposedMultiLinears<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub composer: Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>,
+    pub multi_linears: Vec<MultiLinear<E>>,
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement> ComposedMultiLinears<E> {
+    pub fn new(
+        composer: Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>,
+        multi_linears: Vec<MultiLinear<E>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { composer, multi_linears }
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_ml(&self) -> usize {
+        self.multi_linears.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        self.composer.num_variables()
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_variables_ml(&self) -> usize {
+        self.multi_linears[0].num_variables
+    }
+
+    pub fn degree(&self) -> usize {
+        self.composer.max_degree()
+    }
+
+    pub fn bind(&self, round_challenge: E) -> ComposedMultiLinears<E> {
+        let result: Vec<MultiLinear<E>> =
+            self.multi_linears.iter().map(|f| f.bind(round_challenge)).collect();
+
+        Self {
+            composer: self.composer.clone(),
+            multi_linears: result,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ComposedMultiLinearsOracle<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub composer: Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>,
+    pub multi_linears: Vec<MultiLinearOracle>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MultiLinearOracle {
+    pub id: usize,
+}
+
+// Composition polynomials
+
+pub struct IdentityComposition {
+    num_variables: usize,
+}
+
+impl IdentityComposition {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { num_variables: 1 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for IdentityComposition
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        assert_eq!(query.len(), 1);
+        query[0]
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ProjectionComposition {
+    coordinate: usize,
+}
+
+impl ProjectionComposition {
+    pub fn new(coordinate: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { coordinate }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for ProjectionComposition
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        query[self.coordinate]
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LogUpDenominatorTableComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    projection_coordinate: usize,
+    alpha: E,
+}
+
+impl<E> LogUpDenominatorTableComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    pub fn new(projection_coordinate: usize, alpha: E) -> Self {
+        Self { projection_coordinate, alpha }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for LogUpDenominatorTableComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        query[self.projection_coordinate] + self.alpha
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LogUpDenominatorWitnessComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    projection_coordinate: usize,
+    alpha: E,
+}
+
+impl<E> LogUpDenominatorWitnessComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    pub fn new(projection_coordinate: usize, alpha: E) -> Self {
+        Self { projection_coordinate, alpha }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for LogUpDenominatorWitnessComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        -(query[self.projection_coordinate] + self.alpha)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ProductComposition {
+    num_variables: usize,
+}
+
+impl ProductComposition {
+    pub fn new(num_variables: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { num_variables }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for ProductComposition
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        query.iter().fold(E::ONE, |acc, x| acc * *x)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SumComposition {
+    num_variables: usize,
+}
+
+impl SumComposition {
+    pub fn new(num_variables: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { num_variables }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for SumComposition
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        query.iter().fold(E::ZERO, |acc, x| acc + *x)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct GkrCompositionVanilla<E: 'static>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    num_variables_ml: usize,
+    num_variables_merge: usize,
+    combining_randomness: E,
+    gkr_randomness: Vec<E>,
+}
+
+impl<E> GkrCompositionVanilla<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    pub fn new(
+        num_variables_ml: usize,
+        num_variables_merge: usize,
+        combining_randomness: E,
+        gkr_randomness: Vec<E>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            num_variables_ml,
+            num_variables_merge,
+            combining_randomness,
+            gkr_randomness,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for GkrCompositionVanilla<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables_ml // + TODO
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables_ml //TODO
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        let eval_left_numerator = query[0];
+        let eval_right_numerator = query[1];
+        let eval_left_denominator = query[2];
+        let eval_right_denominator = query[3];
+        let eq_eval = query[4];
+
+        eq_eval
+            * ((eval_left_numerator * eval_right_denominator
+                + eval_right_numerator * eval_left_denominator)
+                + eval_left_denominator * eval_right_denominator * self.combining_randomness)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct GkrComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+{
+    pub num_variables_ml: usize,
+    pub combining_randomness: E,
+
+    eq_composer: Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>,
+    right_numerator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+    left_numerator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+    right_denominator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+    left_denominator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+}
+
+impl<E> GkrComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+{
+    pub fn new(
+        num_variables_ml: usize,
+        combining_randomness: E,
+        eq_composer: Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>,
+        right_numerator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+        left_numerator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+        right_denominator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+        left_denominator_composer: Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            num_variables_ml,
+            combining_randomness,
+            eq_composer,
+            right_numerator_composer,
+            left_numerator_composer,
+            right_denominator_composer,
+            left_denominator_composer,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> CompositionPolynomial<E> for GkrComposition<E>
+where
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+{
+    fn num_variables(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_variables_ml // + TODO
+    }
+
+    fn max_degree(&self) -> usize {
+        3 // TODO
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate(&self, query: &[E]) -> E {
+        let eval_right_numerator = self.right_numerator_composer[0].evaluate(query);
+        let eval_left_numerator = self.left_numerator_composer[0].evaluate(query);
+        let eval_right_denominator = self.right_denominator_composer[0].evaluate(query);
+        let eval_left_denominator = self.left_denominator_composer[0].evaluate(query);
+        let eq_eval = self.eq_composer.evaluate(query);
+
+        let res = eq_eval
+            * ((eval_left_numerator * eval_right_denominator
+                + eval_right_numerator * eval_left_denominator)
+                + eval_left_denominator * eval_right_denominator * self.combining_randomness);
+        res
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generates a composed ML polynomial for the initial GKR layer from a vector of composition
+/// polynomials.
+/// The composition polynomials are divided into LeftNumerator, RightNumerator, LeftDenominator
+/// and RightDenominator.
+/// TODO: Generalize this to the case where each numerator/denominator contains more than one
+/// composition polynomial i.e., a merged composed ML polynomial.
+pub fn gkr_composition_from_composition_polys<
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement> + 'static,
+>(
+    composition_polys: &Vec<Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<E>>>>,
+    combining_randomness: E,
+    num_variables: usize,
+) -> GkrComposition<E> {
+    let eq_composer = Arc::new(ProjectionComposition::new(4));
+    let left_numerator = composition_polys[0].to_owned();
+    let right_numerator = composition_polys[1].to_owned();
+    let left_denominator = composition_polys[2].to_owned();
+    let right_denominator = composition_polys[3].to_owned();
+    GkrComposition::new(
+        num_variables,
+        combining_randomness,
+        eq_composer,
+        right_numerator,
+        left_numerator,
+        right_denominator,
+        left_denominator,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Generates a plain oracle for the sum-check protocol except the final one.
+pub fn gen_plain_gkr_oracle<E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement> + 'static>(
+    num_rounds: usize,
+    r_sum_check: E,
+) -> ComposedMultiLinearsOracle<E> {
+    let gkr_composer = Arc::new(GkrCompositionVanilla::new(num_rounds, 0, r_sum_check, vec![]));
+
+    let ml_oracles = vec![
+        MultiLinearOracle { id: 0 },
+        MultiLinearOracle { id: 1 },
+        MultiLinearOracle { id: 2 },
+        MultiLinearOracle { id: 3 },
+        MultiLinearOracle { id: 4 },
+    ];
+
+    let oracle = ComposedMultiLinearsOracle {
+        composer: gkr_composer,
+        multi_linears: ml_oracles,
+    };
+    oracle
+}
+
+fn to_index<E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>>(index: &[E]) -> usize {
+    let res = index.iter().fold(E::ZERO, |acc, term| acc * E::ONE.double() + (*term));
+    let res = res.base_element(0);
+    res.as_int() as usize
+}
+
+fn inner_product<E: FieldElement>(evaluations: &[E], tensored_query: &[E]) -> E {
+    assert_eq!(evaluations.len(), tensored_query.len());
+    evaluations
+        .iter()
+        .zip(tensored_query.iter())
+        .fold(E::ZERO, |acc, (x_i, y_i)| acc + *x_i * *y_i)
+}
+
+pub fn tensorize<E: FieldElement>(query: &[E]) -> Vec<E> {
+    let nu = query.len();
+    let n = 1 << nu;
+
+    (0..n).map(|i| lagrange_basis_eval(query, i)).collect()
+}
+
+fn lagrange_basis_eval<E: FieldElement>(query: &[E], i: usize) -> E {
+    query
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(j, x_j)| if i & (1 << j) == 0 { E::ONE - *x_j } else { *x_j })
+        .fold(E::ONE, |acc, v| acc * v)
+}
+
+pub fn compute_claim<E: FieldElement>(poly: &ComposedMultiLinears<E>) -> E {
+    let cube_size = 1 << poly.num_variables_ml();
+    let mut res = E::ZERO;
+
+    for i in 0..cube_size {
+        let eval_point: Vec<E> =
+            poly.multi_linears.iter().map(|poly| poly.evaluations[i]).collect();
+        res += poly.composer.evaluate(&eval_point);
+    }
+    res
+}

src/gkr/sumcheck/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+use super::{
+    multivariate::{ComposedMultiLinears, ComposedMultiLinearsOracle},
+    utils::{barycentric_weights, evaluate_barycentric},
+};
+use winter_math::FieldElement;
+
+mod prover;
+pub use prover::sum_check_prove;
+mod verifier;
+pub use verifier::{sum_check_verify, sum_check_verify_and_reduce};
+mod tests;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RoundProof<E> {
+    pub poly_evals: Vec<E>,
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement> RoundProof<E> {
+    pub fn to_evals(&self, claim: E) -> Vec<E> {
+        let mut result = vec![];
+
+        // s(0) + s(1) = claim
+        let c0 = claim - self.poly_evals[0];
+
+        result.push(c0);
+        result.extend_from_slice(&self.poly_evals);
+        result
+    }
+
+    // TODO: refactor once we move to coefficient form
+    pub(crate) fn evaluate(&self, claim: E, r: E) -> E {
+        let poly_evals = self.to_evals(claim);
+
+        let points: Vec<E> = (0..poly_evals.len()).map(|i| E::from(i as u8)).collect();
+        let evalss: Vec<(E, E)> =
+            points.iter().zip(poly_evals.iter()).map(|(x, y)| (*x, *y)).collect();
+        let weights = barycentric_weights(&evalss);
+        let new_claim = evaluate_barycentric(&evalss, r, &weights);
+        new_claim
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PartialProof<E> {
+    pub round_proofs: Vec<RoundProof<E>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct FinalEvaluationClaim<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub evaluation_point: Vec<E>,
+    pub claimed_evaluation: E,
+    pub polynomial: ComposedMultiLinearsOracle<E>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct FullProof<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub sum_check_proof: PartialProof<E>,
+    pub final_evaluation_claim: FinalEvaluationClaim<E>,
+}
+
+pub struct Claim<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub sum_value: E,
+    pub polynomial: ComposedMultiLinearsOracle<E>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RoundClaim<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub partial_eval_point: Vec<E>,
+    pub current_claim: E,
+}
+
+pub struct RoundOutput<E: FieldElement> {
+    proof: PartialProof<E>,
+    witness: Witness<E>,
+}
+
+impl<E: FieldElement> From<Claim<E>> for RoundClaim<E> {
+    fn from(value: Claim<E>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            partial_eval_point: vec![],
+            current_claim: value.sum_value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Witness<E: FieldElement> {
+    pub(crate) polynomial: ComposedMultiLinears<E>,
+}
+
+pub fn reduce_claim<E: FieldElement>(
+    current_poly: RoundProof<E>,
+    current_round_claim: RoundClaim<E>,
+    round_challenge: E,
+) -> RoundClaim<E> {
+    let poly_evals = current_poly.to_evals(current_round_claim.current_claim);
+    let points: Vec<E> = (0..poly_evals.len()).map(|i| E::from(i as u8)).collect();
+    let evalss: Vec<(E, E)> = points.iter().zip(poly_evals.iter()).map(|(x, y)| (*x, *y)).collect();
+    let weights = barycentric_weights(&evalss);
+    let new_claim = evaluate_barycentric(&evalss, round_challenge, &weights);
+
+    let mut new_partial_eval_point = current_round_claim.partial_eval_point;
+    new_partial_eval_point.push(round_challenge);
+
+    RoundClaim {
+        partial_eval_point: new_partial_eval_point,
+        current_claim: new_claim,
+    }
+}

src/gkr/sumcheck/prover.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use super::{Claim, FullProof, RoundProof, Witness};
+use crate::gkr::{
+    multivariate::{ComposedMultiLinears, ComposedMultiLinearsOracle},
+    sumcheck::{reduce_claim, FinalEvaluationClaim, PartialProof, RoundClaim, RoundOutput},
+};
+use rayon::iter::{IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
+use winter_crypto::{ElementHasher, RandomCoin};
+use winter_math::{fields::f64::BaseElement, FieldElement};
+
+pub fn sum_check_prove<
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+>(
+    claim: &Claim<E>,
+    oracle: ComposedMultiLinearsOracle<E>,
+    witness: Witness<E>,
+    coin: &mut C,
+) -> FullProof<E> {
+    // Setup first round
+    let mut prev_claim = RoundClaim {
+        partial_eval_point: vec![],
+        current_claim: claim.sum_value.clone(),
+    };
+    let prev_proof = PartialProof { round_proofs: vec![] };
+    let num_vars = witness.polynomial.num_variables_ml();
+    let prev_output = RoundOutput { proof: prev_proof, witness };
+
+    let mut output = sumcheck_round(prev_output);
+    let poly_evals = &output.proof.round_proofs[0].poly_evals;
+    coin.reseed(H::hash_elements(&poly_evals));
+
+    for i in 1..num_vars {
+        let round_challenge = coin.draw().unwrap();
+        let new_claim = reduce_claim(
+            output.proof.round_proofs.last().unwrap().clone(),
+            prev_claim,
+            round_challenge,
+        );
+        output.witness.polynomial = output.witness.polynomial.bind(round_challenge);
+
+        output = sumcheck_round(output);
+        prev_claim = new_claim;
+
+        let poly_evals = &output.proof.round_proofs[i].poly_evals;
+        coin.reseed(H::hash_elements(&poly_evals));
+    }
+
+    let round_challenge = coin.draw().unwrap();
+    let RoundClaim { partial_eval_point, current_claim } = reduce_claim(
+        output.proof.round_proofs.last().unwrap().clone(),
+        prev_claim,
+        round_challenge,
+    );
+    let final_eval_claim = FinalEvaluationClaim {
+        evaluation_point: partial_eval_point,
+        claimed_evaluation: current_claim,
+        polynomial: oracle,
+    };
+
+    FullProof {
+        sum_check_proof: output.proof,
+        final_evaluation_claim: final_eval_claim,
+    }
+}
+
+fn sumcheck_round<E: FieldElement>(prev_proof: RoundOutput<E>) -> RoundOutput<E> {
+    let RoundOutput { mut proof, witness } = prev_proof;
+
+    let polynomial = witness.polynomial;
+    let num_ml = polynomial.num_ml();
+    let num_vars = polynomial.num_variables_ml();
+    let num_rounds = num_vars - 1;
+
+    let mut evals_zero = vec![E::ZERO; num_ml];
+    let mut evals_one = vec![E::ZERO; num_ml];
+    let mut deltas = vec![E::ZERO; num_ml];
+    let mut evals_x = vec![E::ZERO; num_ml];
+
+    let total_evals = (0..1 << num_rounds).into_iter().map(|i| {
+        for (j, ml) in polynomial.multi_linears.iter().enumerate() {
+            evals_zero[j] = ml.evaluations[(i << 1) as usize];
+            evals_one[j] = ml.evaluations[(i << 1) + 1];
+        }
+        let mut total_evals = vec![E::ZERO; polynomial.degree()];
+        total_evals[0] = polynomial.composer.evaluate(&evals_one);
+        evals_zero
+            .iter()
+            .zip(evals_one.iter().zip(deltas.iter_mut().zip(evals_x.iter_mut())))
+            .for_each(|(a0, (a1, (delta, evx)))| {
+                *delta = *a1 - *a0;
+                *evx = *a1;
+            });
+        total_evals.iter_mut().skip(1).for_each(|e| {
+            evals_x.iter_mut().zip(deltas.iter()).for_each(|(evx, delta)| {
+                *evx += *delta;
+            });
+            *e = polynomial.composer.evaluate(&evals_x);
+        });
+        total_evals
+    });
+    let evaluations = total_evals.fold(vec![E::ZERO; polynomial.degree()], |mut acc, evals| {
+        acc.iter_mut().zip(evals.iter()).for_each(|(a, ev)| *a += *ev);
+        acc
+    });
+    let proof_update = RoundProof { poly_evals: evaluations };
+    proof.round_proofs.push(proof_update);
+    RoundOutput { proof, witness: Witness { polynomial } }
+}

src/gkr/sumcheck/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use rand::{distributions::Uniform, SeedableRng};
+use winter_crypto::RandomCoin;
+use winter_math::{fields::f64::BaseElement, FieldElement};
+
+use crate::{
+    gkr::{
+        circuit::{CircuitProof, FractionalSumCircuit},
+        multivariate::{
+            compute_claim, gkr_composition_from_composition_polys, ComposedMultiLinears,
+            ComposedMultiLinearsOracle, CompositionPolynomial, EqPolynomial, GkrComposition,
+            GkrCompositionVanilla, LogUpDenominatorTableComposition,
+            LogUpDenominatorWitnessComposition, MultiLinear, MultiLinearOracle,
+            ProjectionComposition, SumComposition,
+        },
+        sumcheck::{
+            prover::sum_check_prove, verifier::sum_check_verify, Claim, FinalEvaluationClaim,
+            FullProof, Witness,
+        },
+    },
+    hash::rpo::Rpo256,
+    rand::RpoRandomCoin,
+};
+
+#[test]
+fn gkr_workflow() {
+    // generate the data witness for the LogUp argument
+    let mut mls = generate_logup_witness::<BaseElement>(3);
+
+    // the is sampled after receiving the main trace commitment
+    let alpha = rand_utils::rand_value();
+
+    // the composition polynomials defining the numerators/denominators
+    let composition_polys: Vec<Vec<Arc<dyn CompositionPolynomial<BaseElement>>>> = vec![
+        // left num
+        vec![Arc::new(ProjectionComposition::new(0))],
+        // right num
+        vec![Arc::new(ProjectionComposition::new(1))],
+        // left den
+        vec![Arc::new(LogUpDenominatorTableComposition::new(2, alpha))],
+        // right den
+        vec![Arc::new(LogUpDenominatorWitnessComposition::new(3, alpha))],
+    ];
+
+    // run the GKR prover to obtain:
+    // 1. The fractional sum circuit output.
+    // 2. GKR proofs up to the last circuit layer counting backwards.
+    // 3. GKR proof (i.e., a sum-check proof) for the last circuit layer counting backwards.
+    let seed = [BaseElement::ZERO; 4];
+    let mut transcript = RpoRandomCoin::new(seed.into());
+    let (circuit_outputs, gkr_before_last_proof, final_layer_proof) =
+        CircuitProof::prove_virtual_bus(composition_polys.clone(), &mut mls, &mut transcript);
+
+    let seed = [BaseElement::ZERO; 4];
+    let mut transcript = RpoRandomCoin::new(seed.into());
+
+    // run the GKR verifier to obtain:
+    // 1. A final evaluation claim.
+    // 2. Randomness defining the Lagrange kernel in the final sum-check protocol. Note that this
+    // Lagrange kernel is different from the one used by the STARK (outer) prover to open the MLs
+    // at the evaluation point.
+    let (final_eval_claim, gkr_lagrange_kernel_rand) = gkr_before_last_proof.verify_virtual_bus(
+        composition_polys.clone(),
+        final_layer_proof,
+        &circuit_outputs,
+        &mut transcript,
+    );
+
+    // the final verification step is composed of:
+    // 1. Querying the oracles for the openings at the evaluation point. This will be done by the
+    // (outer) STARK prover using:
+    //      a. The Lagrange kernel (auxiliary) column at the evaluation point.
+    //      b. An extra (auxiliary) column to compute an inner product between two vectors. The first
+    //      being the Lagrange kernel and the second being  (\sum_{j=0}^3 mls[j][i] * \lambda_i)_{i\in\{0,..,n\}}
+    // 2. Evaluating the composition polynomial at the previous openings and checking equality with
+    // the claimed evaluation.
+
+    // 1. Querying the oracles
+
+    let FinalEvaluationClaim {
+        evaluation_point,
+        claimed_evaluation,
+        polynomial,
+    } = final_eval_claim;
+
+    // The evaluation of the EQ polynomial can be done by the verifier directly
+    let eq = (0..gkr_lagrange_kernel_rand.len())
+        .map(|i| {
+            gkr_lagrange_kernel_rand[i] * evaluation_point[i]
+                + (BaseElement::ONE - gkr_lagrange_kernel_rand[i])
+                    * (BaseElement::ONE - evaluation_point[i])
+        })
+        .fold(BaseElement::ONE, |acc, term| acc * term);
+
+    // These are the queries to the oracles.
+    // They should be provided by the prover non-deterministically
+    let left_num_eval = mls[0].evaluate(&evaluation_point);
+    let right_num_eval = mls[1].evaluate(&evaluation_point);
+    let left_den_eval = mls[2].evaluate(&evaluation_point);
+    let right_den_eval = mls[3].evaluate(&evaluation_point);
+
+    // The verifier absorbs the claimed openings and generates batching randomness lambda
+    let mut query = vec![left_num_eval, right_num_eval, left_den_eval, right_den_eval];
+    transcript.reseed(Rpo256::hash_elements(&query));
+    let lambdas: Vec<BaseElement> = vec![
+        transcript.draw().unwrap(),
+        transcript.draw().unwrap(),
+        transcript.draw().unwrap(),
+    ];
+    let batched_query =
+        query[0] + query[1] * lambdas[0] + query[2] * lambdas[1] + query[3] * lambdas[2];
+
+    // The prover generates the Lagrange kernel as an auxiliary column
+    let mut rev_evaluation_point = evaluation_point;
+    rev_evaluation_point.reverse();
+    let lagrange_kernel = EqPolynomial::new(rev_evaluation_point).evaluations();
+
+    // The prover generates the additional auxiliary column for the inner product
+    let tmp_col: Vec<BaseElement> = (0..mls[0].len())
+        .map(|i| {
+            mls[0][i] + mls[1][i] * lambdas[0] + mls[2][i] * lambdas[1] + mls[3][i] * lambdas[2]
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let mut running_sum_col = vec![BaseElement::ZERO; tmp_col.len() + 1];
+    running_sum_col[0] = BaseElement::ZERO;
+    for i in 1..(tmp_col.len() + 1) {
+        running_sum_col[i] = running_sum_col[i - 1] + tmp_col[i - 1] * lagrange_kernel[i - 1];
+    }
+
+    // Boundary constraint to check correctness of openings
+    assert_eq!(batched_query, *running_sum_col.last().unwrap());
+
+    // 2) Final evaluation and check
+    query.push(eq);
+    let verifier_computed = polynomial.composer.evaluate(&query);
+
+    assert_eq!(verifier_computed, claimed_evaluation);
+}
+
+pub fn generate_logup_witness<E: FieldElement>(trace_len: usize) -> Vec<MultiLinear<E>> {
+    let num_variables_ml = trace_len;
+    let num_evaluations = 1 << num_variables_ml;
+    let num_witnesses = 1;
+    let (p, q) = generate_logup_data::<E>(num_variables_ml, num_witnesses);
+    let numerators: Vec<Vec<E>> = p.chunks(num_evaluations).map(|x| x.into()).collect();
+    let denominators: Vec<Vec<E>> = q.chunks(num_evaluations).map(|x| x.into()).collect();
+
+    let mut mls = vec![];
+    for i in 0..2 {
+        let ml = MultiLinear::from_values(&numerators[i]);
+        mls.push(ml);
+    }
+    for i in 0..2 {
+        let ml = MultiLinear::from_values(&denominators[i]);
+        mls.push(ml);
+    }
+    mls
+}
+
+pub fn generate_logup_data<E: FieldElement>(
+    trace_len: usize,
+    num_witnesses: usize,
+) -> (Vec<E>, Vec<E>) {
+    use rand::distributions::Slice;
+    use rand::Rng;
+    let n: usize = trace_len;
+    let num_w: usize = num_witnesses; // This should be of the form 2^k - 1
+    let rng = rand::rngs::StdRng::seed_from_u64(0);
+
+    let t_table: Vec<u32> = (0..(1 << n)).collect();
+    let mut m_table: Vec<u32> = (0..(1 << n)).map(|_| 0).collect();
+
+    let t_table_slice = Slice::new(&t_table).unwrap();
+
+    // Construct the witness columns. Uses sampling with replacement in order to have multiplicities
+    // different from 1.
+    let mut w_tables = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..num_w {
+        let wi_table: Vec<u32> =
+            rng.clone().sample_iter(&t_table_slice).cloned().take(1 << n).collect();
+
+        // Construct the multiplicities
+        wi_table.iter().for_each(|w| {
+            m_table[*w as usize] += 1;
+        });
+        w_tables.push(wi_table)
+    }
+
+    // The numerators
+    let mut p: Vec<E> = m_table.iter().map(|m| E::from(*m as u32)).collect();
+    p.extend((0..(num_w * (1 << n))).map(|_| E::from(1_u32)).collect::<Vec<E>>());
+
+    // Construct the denominators
+    let mut q: Vec<E> = t_table.iter().map(|t| E::from(*t)).collect();
+    for w_table in w_tables {
+        q.extend(w_table.iter().map(|w| E::from(*w)).collect::<Vec<E>>());
+    }
+    (p, q)
+}

src/gkr/sumcheck/verifier.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use winter_crypto::{ElementHasher, RandomCoin};
+use winter_math::{fields::f64::BaseElement, FieldElement};
+
+use crate::gkr::utils::{barycentric_weights, evaluate_barycentric};
+
+use super::{Claim, FinalEvaluationClaim, FullProof, PartialProof};
+
+pub fn sum_check_verify_and_reduce<
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+>(
+    claim: &Claim<E>,
+    proofs: PartialProof<E>,
+    coin: &mut C,
+) -> (E, Vec<E>) {
+    let degree = 3;
+    let points: Vec<E> = (0..degree + 1).map(|x| E::from(x as u8)).collect();
+    let mut sum_value = claim.sum_value.clone();
+    let mut randomness = vec![];
+
+    for proof in proofs.round_proofs {
+        let partial_evals = proof.poly_evals.clone();
+        coin.reseed(H::hash_elements(&partial_evals));
+
+        // get r
+        let r: E = coin.draw().unwrap();
+        randomness.push(r);
+        let evals = proof.to_evals(sum_value);
+
+        let point_evals: Vec<_> = points.iter().zip(evals.iter()).map(|(x, y)| (*x, *y)).collect();
+        let weights = barycentric_weights(&point_evals);
+        sum_value = evaluate_barycentric(&point_evals, r, &weights);
+    }
+    (sum_value, randomness)
+}
+
+pub fn sum_check_verify<
+    E: FieldElement<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    C: RandomCoin<Hasher = H, BaseField = BaseElement>,
+    H: ElementHasher<BaseField = BaseElement>,
+>(
+    claim: &Claim<E>,
+    proofs: FullProof<E>,
+    coin: &mut C,
+) -> FinalEvaluationClaim<E> {
+    let FullProof {
+        sum_check_proof: proofs,
+        final_evaluation_claim,
+    } = proofs;
+    let Claim { mut sum_value, polynomial } = claim;
+    let degree = polynomial.composer.max_degree();
+    let points: Vec<E> = (0..degree + 1).map(|x| E::from(x as u8)).collect();
+
+    for proof in proofs.round_proofs {
+        let partial_evals = proof.poly_evals.clone();
+        coin.reseed(H::hash_elements(&partial_evals));
+
+        // get r
+        let r: E = coin.draw().unwrap();
+        let evals = proof.to_evals(sum_value);
+
+        let point_evals: Vec<_> = points.iter().zip(evals.iter()).map(|(x, y)| (*x, *y)).collect();
+        let weights = barycentric_weights(&point_evals);
+        sum_value = evaluate_barycentric(&point_evals, r, &weights);
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(final_evaluation_claim.claimed_evaluation, sum_value);
+
+    final_evaluation_claim
+}

src/gkr/utils/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+use winter_math::{FieldElement, batch_inversion};
+
+
+pub fn barycentric_weights<E: FieldElement>(points: &[(E, E)]) -> Vec<E> {
+    let n = points.len();
+    let tmp = (0..n)
+        .map(|i| (0..n).filter(|&j| j != i).fold(E::ONE, |acc, j| acc * (points[i].0 - points[j].0)))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    batch_inversion(&tmp)
+}
+
+pub fn evaluate_barycentric<E: FieldElement>(
+    points: &[(E, E)],
+    x: E,
+    barycentric_weights: &[E],
+) -> E {
+    for &(x_i, y_i) in points {
+        if x_i == x {
+            return y_i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let l_x: E = points.iter().fold(E::ONE, |acc, &(x_i, _y_i)| acc * (x - x_i));
+
+    let sum = (0..points.len()).fold(E::ZERO, |acc, i| {
+        let x_i = points[i].0;
+        let y_i = points[i].1;
+        let w_i = barycentric_weights[i];
+        acc + (w_i / (x - x_i) * y_i)
+    });
+
+    l_x * sum
+}

src/hash/mod.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
 //! Cryptographic hash functions used by the Miden VM and the Miden rollup.
 
-use super::{Felt, FieldElement, StarkField, ONE, ZERO};
+use super::{CubeExtension, Felt, FieldElement, StarkField, ONE, ZERO};
 
 pub mod blake;
-pub mod rpo;
+
+mod rescue;
+pub mod rpo {
+    pub use super::rescue::{Rpo256, RpoDigest};
+}
+
+pub mod rpx {
+    pub use super::rescue::{Rpx256, RpxDigest};
+}
 
 // RE-EXPORTS
 // ================================================================================================

src/hash/rescue/arch/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#[cfg(all(target_feature = "sve", feature = "sve"))]
+pub mod optimized {
+    use crate::hash::rescue::STATE_WIDTH;
+    use crate::Felt;
+
+    mod ffi {
+        #[link(name = "rpo_sve", kind = "static")]
+        extern "C" {
+            pub fn add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
+                state: *mut std::ffi::c_ulong,
+                constants: *const std::ffi::c_ulong,
+            ) -> bool;
+            pub fn add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
+                state: *mut std::ffi::c_ulong,
+                constants: *const std::ffi::c_ulong,
+            ) -> bool;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
+        state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+        ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+    ) -> bool {
+        unsafe {
+            ffi::add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
+                state.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u64,
+                ark.as_ptr() as *const u64,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
+        state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+        ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+    ) -> bool {
+        unsafe {
+            ffi::add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
+                state.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u64,
+                ark.as_ptr() as *const u64,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_feature = "avx2")]
+mod x86_64_avx2;
+
+#[cfg(target_feature = "avx2")]
+pub mod optimized {
+    use super::x86_64_avx2::{apply_inv_sbox, apply_sbox};
+    use crate::hash::rescue::{add_constants, STATE_WIDTH};
+    use crate::Felt;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
+        state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+        ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+    ) -> bool {
+        add_constants(state, ark);
+        unsafe {
+            apply_sbox(std::mem::transmute(state));
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
+        state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+        ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+    ) -> bool {
+        add_constants(state, ark);
+        unsafe {
+            apply_inv_sbox(std::mem::transmute(state));
+        }
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_feature = "avx2", all(target_feature = "sve", feature = "sve"))))]
+pub mod optimized {
+    use crate::hash::rescue::STATE_WIDTH;
+    use crate::Felt;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
+        _state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+        _ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+    ) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
+        _state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+        _ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+    ) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}

src/hash/rescue/arch/x86_64_avx2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+use core::arch::x86_64::*;
+
+// The following AVX2 implementation has been copied from plonky2:
+// https://github.com/0xPolygonZero/plonky2/blob/main/plonky2/src/hash/arch/x86_64/poseidon_goldilocks_avx2_bmi2.rs
+
+// Preliminary notes:
+// 1. AVX does not support addition with carry but 128-bit (2-word) addition can be easily
+//    emulated. The method recognizes that for a + b overflowed iff (a + b) < a:
+//        i. res_lo = a_lo + b_lo
+//       ii. carry_mask = res_lo < a_lo
+//      iii. res_hi = a_hi + b_hi - carry_mask
+//    Notice that carry_mask is subtracted, not added. This is because AVX comparison instructions
+//    return -1 (all bits 1) for true and 0 for false.
+//
+// 2. AVX does not have unsigned 64-bit comparisons. Those can be emulated with signed comparisons
+//    by recognizing that a <u b iff a + (1 << 63) <s b + (1 << 63), where the addition wraps around
+//    and the comparisons are unsigned and signed respectively. The shift function adds/subtracts
+//    1 << 63 to enable this trick.
+//      Example: addition with carry.
+//        i. a_lo_s = shift(a_lo)
+//       ii. res_lo_s = a_lo_s + b_lo
+//      iii. carry_mask = res_lo_s <s a_lo_s
+//       iv. res_lo = shift(res_lo_s)
+//        v. res_hi = a_hi + b_hi - carry_mask
+//    The suffix _s denotes a value that has been shifted by 1 << 63. The result of addition is
+//    shifted if exactly one of the operands is shifted, as is the case on line ii. Line iii.
+//    performs a signed comparison res_lo_s <s a_lo_s on shifted values to emulate unsigned
+//    comparison res_lo <u a_lo on unshifted values. Finally, line iv. reverses the shift so the
+//    result can be returned.
+//      When performing a chain of calculations, we can often save instructions by letting the shift
+//    propagate through and only undoing it when necessary. For example, to compute the addition of
+//    three two-word (128-bit) numbers we can do:
+//        i. a_lo_s = shift(a_lo)
+//       ii. tmp_lo_s = a_lo_s + b_lo
+//      iii. tmp_carry_mask = tmp_lo_s <s a_lo_s
+//       iv. tmp_hi = a_hi + b_hi - tmp_carry_mask
+//        v. res_lo_s = tmp_lo_s + c_lo
+//       vi. res_carry_mask = res_lo_s <s tmp_lo_s
+//      vii. res_lo = shift(res_lo_s)
+//     viii. res_hi = tmp_hi + c_hi - res_carry_mask
+//    Notice that the above 3-value addition still only requires two calls to shift, just like our
+//    2-value addition.
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub fn branch_hint() {
+    // NOTE: These are the currently supported assembly architectures. See the
+    // [nightly reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/reference/inline-assembly.html) for
+    // the most up-to-date list.
+    #[cfg(any(
+        target_arch = "aarch64",
+        target_arch = "arm",
+        target_arch = "riscv32",
+        target_arch = "riscv64",
+        target_arch = "x86",
+        target_arch = "x86_64",
+    ))]
+    unsafe {
+        core::arch::asm!("", options(nomem, nostack, preserves_flags));
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! map3 {
+    ($f:ident::<$l:literal>, $v:ident) => {
+        ($f::<$l>($v.0), $f::<$l>($v.1), $f::<$l>($v.2))
+    };
+    ($f:ident::<$l:literal>, $v1:ident, $v2:ident) => {
+        ($f::<$l>($v1.0, $v2.0), $f::<$l>($v1.1, $v2.1), $f::<$l>($v1.2, $v2.2))
+    };
+    ($f:ident, $v:ident) => {
+        ($f($v.0), $f($v.1), $f($v.2))
+    };
+    ($f:ident, $v0:ident, $v1:ident) => {
+        ($f($v0.0, $v1.0), $f($v0.1, $v1.1), $f($v0.2, $v1.2))
+    };
+    ($f:ident, rep $v0:ident, $v1:ident) => {
+        ($f($v0, $v1.0), $f($v0, $v1.1), $f($v0, $v1.2))
+    };
+
+    ($f:ident, $v0:ident, rep $v1:ident) => {
+        ($f($v0.0, $v1), $f($v0.1, $v1), $f($v0.2, $v1))
+    };
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn square3(
+    x: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+) -> ((__m256i, __m256i, __m256i), (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i)) {
+    let x_hi = {
+        // Move high bits to low position. The high bits of x_hi are ignored. Swizzle is faster than
+        // bitshift. This instruction only has a floating-point flavor, so we cast to/from float.
+        // This is safe and free.
+        let x_ps = map3!(_mm256_castsi256_ps, x);
+        let x_hi_ps = map3!(_mm256_movehdup_ps, x_ps);
+        map3!(_mm256_castps_si256, x_hi_ps)
+    };
+
+    // All pairwise multiplications.
+    let mul_ll = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, x, x);
+    let mul_lh = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, x, x_hi);
+    let mul_hh = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, x_hi, x_hi);
+
+    // Bignum addition, but mul_lh is shifted by 33 bits (not 32).
+    let mul_ll_hi = map3!(_mm256_srli_epi64::<33>, mul_ll);
+    let t0 = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, mul_lh, mul_ll_hi);
+    let t0_hi = map3!(_mm256_srli_epi64::<31>, t0);
+    let res_hi = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, mul_hh, t0_hi);
+
+    // Form low result by adding the mul_ll and the low 31 bits of mul_lh (shifted to the high
+    // position).
+    let mul_lh_lo = map3!(_mm256_slli_epi64::<33>, mul_lh);
+    let res_lo = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, mul_ll, mul_lh_lo);
+
+    (res_lo, res_hi)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn mul3(
+    x: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+    y: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+) -> ((__m256i, __m256i, __m256i), (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i)) {
+    let epsilon = _mm256_set1_epi64x(0xffffffff);
+    let x_hi = {
+        // Move high bits to low position. The high bits of x_hi are ignored. Swizzle is faster than
+        // bitshift. This instruction only has a floating-point flavor, so we cast to/from float.
+        // This is safe and free.
+        let x_ps = map3!(_mm256_castsi256_ps, x);
+        let x_hi_ps = map3!(_mm256_movehdup_ps, x_ps);
+        map3!(_mm256_castps_si256, x_hi_ps)
+    };
+    let y_hi = {
+        let y_ps = map3!(_mm256_castsi256_ps, y);
+        let y_hi_ps = map3!(_mm256_movehdup_ps, y_ps);
+        map3!(_mm256_castps_si256, y_hi_ps)
+    };
+
+    // All four pairwise multiplications
+    let mul_ll = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, x, y);
+    let mul_lh = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, x, y_hi);
+    let mul_hl = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, x_hi, y);
+    let mul_hh = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, x_hi, y_hi);
+
+    // Bignum addition
+    // Extract high 32 bits of mul_ll and add to mul_hl. This cannot overflow.
+    let mul_ll_hi = map3!(_mm256_srli_epi64::<32>, mul_ll);
+    let t0 = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, mul_hl, mul_ll_hi);
+    // Extract low 32 bits of t0 and add to mul_lh. Again, this cannot overflow.
+    // Also, extract high 32 bits of t0 and add to mul_hh.
+    let t0_lo = map3!(_mm256_and_si256, t0, rep epsilon);
+    let t0_hi = map3!(_mm256_srli_epi64::<32>, t0);
+    let t1 = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, mul_lh, t0_lo);
+    let t2 = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, mul_hh, t0_hi);
+    // Lastly, extract the high 32 bits of t1 and add to t2.
+    let t1_hi = map3!(_mm256_srli_epi64::<32>, t1);
+    let res_hi = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, t2, t1_hi);
+
+    // Form res_lo by combining the low half of mul_ll with the low half of t1 (shifted into high
+    // position).
+    let t1_lo = {
+        let t1_ps = map3!(_mm256_castsi256_ps, t1);
+        let t1_lo_ps = map3!(_mm256_moveldup_ps, t1_ps);
+        map3!(_mm256_castps_si256, t1_lo_ps)
+    };
+    let res_lo = map3!(_mm256_blend_epi32::<0xaa>, mul_ll, t1_lo);
+
+    (res_lo, res_hi)
+}
+
+/// Addition, where the second operand is `0 <= y < 0xffffffff00000001`.
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn add_small(
+    x_s: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+    y: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    let res_wrapped_s = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, x_s, y);
+    let mask = map3!(_mm256_cmpgt_epi32, x_s, res_wrapped_s);
+    let wrapback_amt = map3!(_mm256_srli_epi64::<32>, mask); // EPSILON if overflowed else 0.
+    let res_s = map3!(_mm256_add_epi64, res_wrapped_s, wrapback_amt);
+    res_s
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn maybe_adj_sub(res_wrapped_s: __m256i, mask: __m256i) -> __m256i {
+    // The subtraction is very unlikely to overflow so we're best off branching.
+    // The even u32s in `mask` are meaningless, so we want to ignore them. `_mm256_testz_pd`
+    // branches depending on the sign bit of double-precision (64-bit) floats. Bit cast `mask` to
+    // floating-point (this is free).
+    let mask_pd = _mm256_castsi256_pd(mask);
+    // `_mm256_testz_pd(mask_pd, mask_pd) == 1` iff all sign bits are 0, meaning that underflow
+    // did not occur for any of the vector elements.
+    if _mm256_testz_pd(mask_pd, mask_pd) == 1 {
+        res_wrapped_s
+    } else {
+        branch_hint();
+        // Highly unlikely: underflow did occur. Find adjustment per element and apply it.
+        let adj_amount = _mm256_srli_epi64::<32>(mask); // EPSILON if underflow.
+        _mm256_sub_epi64(res_wrapped_s, adj_amount)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Addition, where the second operand is much smaller than `0xffffffff00000001`.
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn sub_tiny(
+    x_s: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+    y: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    let res_wrapped_s = map3!(_mm256_sub_epi64, x_s, y);
+    let mask = map3!(_mm256_cmpgt_epi32, res_wrapped_s, x_s);
+    let res_s = map3!(maybe_adj_sub, res_wrapped_s, mask);
+    res_s
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn reduce3(
+    (lo0, hi0): ((__m256i, __m256i, __m256i), (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i)),
+) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    let sign_bit = _mm256_set1_epi64x(i64::MIN);
+    let epsilon = _mm256_set1_epi64x(0xffffffff);
+    let lo0_s = map3!(_mm256_xor_si256, lo0, rep sign_bit);
+    let hi_hi0 = map3!(_mm256_srli_epi64::<32>, hi0);
+    let lo1_s = sub_tiny(lo0_s, hi_hi0);
+    let t1 = map3!(_mm256_mul_epu32, hi0, rep epsilon);
+    let lo2_s = add_small(lo1_s, t1);
+    let lo2 = map3!(_mm256_xor_si256, lo2_s, rep sign_bit);
+    lo2
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn mul_reduce(
+    a: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+    b: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    reduce3(mul3(a, b))
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn square_reduce(state: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i)) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    reduce3(square3(state))
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn exp_acc(
+    high: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+    low: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i),
+    exp: usize,
+) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    let mut result = high;
+    for _ in 0..exp {
+        result = square_reduce(result);
+    }
+    mul_reduce(result, low)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn do_apply_sbox(state: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i)) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    let state2 = square_reduce(state);
+    let state4_unreduced = square3(state2);
+    let state3_unreduced = mul3(state2, state);
+    let state4 = reduce3(state4_unreduced);
+    let state3 = reduce3(state3_unreduced);
+    let state7_unreduced = mul3(state3, state4);
+    let state7 = reduce3(state7_unreduced);
+    state7
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn do_apply_inv_sbox(state: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i)) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    // compute base^10540996611094048183 using 72 multiplications per array element
+    // 10540996611094048183 = b1001001001001001001001001001000110110110110110110110110110110111
+
+    // compute base^10
+    let t1 = square_reduce(state);
+
+    // compute base^100
+    let t2 = square_reduce(t1);
+
+    // compute base^100100
+    let t3 = exp_acc(t2, t2, 3);
+
+    // compute base^100100100100
+    let t4 = exp_acc(t3, t3, 6);
+
+    // compute base^100100100100100100100100
+    let t5 = exp_acc(t4, t4, 12);
+
+    // compute base^100100100100100100100100100100
+    let t6 = exp_acc(t5, t3, 6);
+
+    // compute base^1001001001001001001001001001000100100100100100100100100100100
+    let t7 = exp_acc(t6, t6, 31);
+
+    // compute base^1001001001001001001001001001000110110110110110110110110110110111
+    let a = square_reduce(square_reduce(mul_reduce(square_reduce(t7), t6)));
+    let b = mul_reduce(t1, mul_reduce(t2, state));
+    mul_reduce(a, b)
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn avx2_load(state: &[u64; 12]) -> (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i) {
+    (
+        _mm256_loadu_si256((&state[0..4]).as_ptr().cast::<__m256i>()),
+        _mm256_loadu_si256((&state[4..8]).as_ptr().cast::<__m256i>()),
+        _mm256_loadu_si256((&state[8..12]).as_ptr().cast::<__m256i>()),
+    )
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+unsafe fn avx2_store(buf: &mut [u64; 12], state: (__m256i, __m256i, __m256i)) {
+    _mm256_storeu_si256((&mut buf[0..4]).as_mut_ptr().cast::<__m256i>(), state.0);
+    _mm256_storeu_si256((&mut buf[4..8]).as_mut_ptr().cast::<__m256i>(), state.1);
+    _mm256_storeu_si256((&mut buf[8..12]).as_mut_ptr().cast::<__m256i>(), state.2);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn apply_sbox(buffer: &mut [u64; 12]) {
+    let mut state = avx2_load(&buffer);
+    state = do_apply_sbox(state);
+    avx2_store(buffer, state);
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub unsafe fn apply_inv_sbox(buffer: &mut [u64; 12]) {
+    let mut state = avx2_load(&buffer);
+    state = do_apply_inv_sbox(state);
+    avx2_store(buffer, state);
+}

src/hash/rescue/mds/freq.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@
 /// divisions by 2 and repeated modular reductions. This is because of our explicit choice of
 /// an MDS matrix that has small powers of 2 entries in frequency domain.
 /// The following implementation has benefited greatly from the discussions and insights of
-/// Hamish Ivey-Law and Jacqueline Nabaglo of Polygon Zero.
+/// Hamish Ivey-Law and Jacqueline Nabaglo of Polygon Zero and is base on Nabaglo's Plonky2
+/// implementation.
 
 // Rescue MDS matrix in frequency domain.
 // More precisely, this is the output of the three 4-point (real) FFTs of the first column of
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ const MDS_FREQ_BLOCK_THREE: [i64; 3] = [-8, 1, 1];
 
 // We use split 3 x 4 FFT transform in order to transform our vectors into the frequency domain.
 #[inline(always)]
-pub(crate) const fn mds_multiply_freq(state: [u64; 12]) -> [u64; 12] {
+pub const fn mds_multiply_freq(state: [u64; 12]) -> [u64; 12] {
     let [s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7, s8, s9, s10, s11] = state;
 
     let (u0, u1, u2) = fft4_real([s0, s3, s6, s9]);
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ const fn block3(x: [i64; 3], y: [i64; 3]) -> [i64; 3] {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::super::{Felt, Rpo256, MDS, ZERO};
+    use super::super::{apply_mds, Felt, MDS, ZERO};
     use proptest::prelude::*;
 
     const STATE_WIDTH: usize = 12;
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ mod tests {
             v2 = v1;
 
             apply_mds_naive(&mut v1);
-            Rpo256::apply_mds(&mut v2);
+            apply_mds(&mut v2);
 
             prop_assert_eq!(v1, v2);
         }

src/hash/rescue/mds/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+use super::{Felt, STATE_WIDTH, ZERO};
+
+mod freq;
+pub use freq::mds_multiply_freq;
+
+// MDS MULTIPLICATION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub fn apply_mds(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
+    let mut result = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+
+    // Using the linearity of the operations we can split the state into a low||high decomposition
+    // and operate on each with no overflow and then combine/reduce the result to a field element.
+    // The no overflow is guaranteed by the fact that the MDS matrix is a small powers of two in
+    // frequency domain.
+    let mut state_l = [0u64; STATE_WIDTH];
+    let mut state_h = [0u64; STATE_WIDTH];
+
+    for r in 0..STATE_WIDTH {
+        let s = state[r].inner();
+        state_h[r] = s >> 32;
+        state_l[r] = (s as u32) as u64;
+    }
+
+    let state_h = mds_multiply_freq(state_h);
+    let state_l = mds_multiply_freq(state_l);
+
+    for r in 0..STATE_WIDTH {
+        let s = state_l[r] as u128 + ((state_h[r] as u128) << 32);
+        let s_hi = (s >> 64) as u64;
+        let s_lo = s as u64;
+        let z = (s_hi << 32) - s_hi;
+        let (res, over) = s_lo.overflowing_add(z);
+
+        result[r] = Felt::from_mont(res.wrapping_add(0u32.wrapping_sub(over as u32) as u64));
+    }
+    *state = result;
+}
+
+// MDS MATRIX
+// ================================================================================================
+
+/// RPO MDS matrix
+pub const MDS: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; STATE_WIDTH] = [
+    [
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(23),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(23),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(26),
+        Felt::new(13),
+        Felt::new(10),
+        Felt::new(9),
+        Felt::new(7),
+        Felt::new(6),
+        Felt::new(22),
+        Felt::new(21),
+        Felt::new(8),
+        Felt::new(7),
+    ],
+];

src/hash/rescue/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+use super::{
+    CubeExtension, Digest, ElementHasher, Felt, FieldElement, Hasher, StarkField, ONE, ZERO,
+};
+use core::ops::Range;
+
+mod arch;
+pub use arch::optimized::{add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox, add_constants_and_apply_sbox};
+
+mod mds;
+use mds::{apply_mds, MDS};
+
+mod rpo;
+pub use rpo::{Rpo256, RpoDigest};
+
+mod rpx;
+pub use rpx::{Rpx256, RpxDigest};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+// CONSTANTS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+/// The number of rounds is set to 7. For the RPO hash functions all rounds are uniform. For the
+/// RPX hash function, there are 3 different types of rounds.
+const NUM_ROUNDS: usize = 7;
+
+/// Sponge state is set to 12 field elements or 96 bytes; 8 elements are reserved for rate and
+/// the remaining 4 elements are reserved for capacity.
+const STATE_WIDTH: usize = 12;
+
+/// The rate portion of the state is located in elements 4 through 11.
+const RATE_RANGE: Range<usize> = 4..12;
+const RATE_WIDTH: usize = RATE_RANGE.end - RATE_RANGE.start;
+
+const INPUT1_RANGE: Range<usize> = 4..8;
+const INPUT2_RANGE: Range<usize> = 8..12;
+
+/// The capacity portion of the state is located in elements 0, 1, 2, and 3.
+const CAPACITY_RANGE: Range<usize> = 0..4;
+
+/// The output of the hash function is a digest which consists of 4 field elements or 32 bytes.
+///
+/// The digest is returned from state elements 4, 5, 6, and 7 (the first four elements of the
+/// rate portion).
+const DIGEST_RANGE: Range<usize> = 4..8;
+const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = DIGEST_RANGE.end - DIGEST_RANGE.start;
+
+/// The number of bytes needed to encoded a digest
+const DIGEST_BYTES: usize = 32;
+
+/// The number of byte chunks defining a field element when hashing a sequence of bytes
+const BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 7;
+
+/// S-Box and Inverse S-Box powers;
+///
+/// The constants are defined for tests only because the exponentiations in the code are unrolled
+/// for efficiency reasons.
+#[cfg(test)]
+const ALPHA: u64 = 7;
+#[cfg(test)]
+const INV_ALPHA: u64 = 10540996611094048183;
+
+// SBOX FUNCTION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn apply_sbox(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
+    state[0] = state[0].exp7();
+    state[1] = state[1].exp7();
+    state[2] = state[2].exp7();
+    state[3] = state[3].exp7();
+    state[4] = state[4].exp7();
+    state[5] = state[5].exp7();
+    state[6] = state[6].exp7();
+    state[7] = state[7].exp7();
+    state[8] = state[8].exp7();
+    state[9] = state[9].exp7();
+    state[10] = state[10].exp7();
+    state[11] = state[11].exp7();
+}
+
+// INVERSE SBOX FUNCTION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn apply_inv_sbox(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
+    // compute base^10540996611094048183 using 72 multiplications per array element
+    // 10540996611094048183 = b1001001001001001001001001001000110110110110110110110110110110111
+
+    // compute base^10
+    let mut t1 = *state;
+    t1.iter_mut().for_each(|t| *t = t.square());
+
+    // compute base^100
+    let mut t2 = t1;
+    t2.iter_mut().for_each(|t| *t = t.square());
+
+    // compute base^100100
+    let t3 = exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 3>(t2, t2);
+
+    // compute base^100100100100
+    let t4 = exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 6>(t3, t3);
+
+    // compute base^100100100100100100100100
+    let t5 = exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 12>(t4, t4);
+
+    // compute base^100100100100100100100100100100
+    let t6 = exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 6>(t5, t3);
+
+    // compute base^1001001001001001001001001001000100100100100100100100100100100
+    let t7 = exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 31>(t6, t6);
+
+    // compute base^1001001001001001001001001001000110110110110110110110110110110111
+    for (i, s) in state.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        let a = (t7[i].square() * t6[i]).square().square();
+        let b = t1[i] * t2[i] * *s;
+        *s = a * b;
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn exp_acc<B: StarkField, const N: usize, const M: usize>(
+        base: [B; N],
+        tail: [B; N],
+    ) -> [B; N] {
+        let mut result = base;
+        for _ in 0..M {
+            result.iter_mut().for_each(|r| *r = r.square());
+        }
+        result.iter_mut().zip(tail).for_each(|(r, t)| *r *= t);
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn add_constants(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
+    state.iter_mut().zip(ark).for_each(|(s, &k)| *s += k);
+}
+
+// ROUND CONSTANTS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+/// Rescue round constants;
+/// computed as in [specifications](https://github.com/ASDiscreteMathematics/rpo)
+///
+/// The constants are broken up into two arrays ARK1 and ARK2; ARK1 contains the constants for the
+/// first half of RPO round, and ARK2 contains constants for the second half of RPO round.
+const ARK1: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = [
+    [
+        Felt::new(5789762306288267392),
+        Felt::new(6522564764413701783),
+        Felt::new(17809893479458208203),
+        Felt::new(107145243989736508),
+        Felt::new(6388978042437517382),
+        Felt::new(15844067734406016715),
+        Felt::new(9975000513555218239),
+        Felt::new(3344984123768313364),
+        Felt::new(9959189626657347191),
+        Felt::new(12960773468763563665),
+        Felt::new(9602914297752488475),
+        Felt::new(16657542370200465908),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(12987190162843096997),
+        Felt::new(653957632802705281),
+        Felt::new(4441654670647621225),
+        Felt::new(4038207883745915761),
+        Felt::new(5613464648874830118),
+        Felt::new(13222989726778338773),
+        Felt::new(3037761201230264149),
+        Felt::new(16683759727265180203),
+        Felt::new(8337364536491240715),
+        Felt::new(3227397518293416448),
+        Felt::new(8110510111539674682),
+        Felt::new(2872078294163232137),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(18072785500942327487),
+        Felt::new(6200974112677013481),
+        Felt::new(17682092219085884187),
+        Felt::new(10599526828986756440),
+        Felt::new(975003873302957338),
+        Felt::new(8264241093196931281),
+        Felt::new(10065763900435475170),
+        Felt::new(2181131744534710197),
+        Felt::new(6317303992309418647),
+        Felt::new(1401440938888741532),
+        Felt::new(8884468225181997494),
+        Felt::new(13066900325715521532),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(5674685213610121970),
+        Felt::new(5759084860419474071),
+        Felt::new(13943282657648897737),
+        Felt::new(1352748651966375394),
+        Felt::new(17110913224029905221),
+        Felt::new(1003883795902368422),
+        Felt::new(4141870621881018291),
+        Felt::new(8121410972417424656),
+        Felt::new(14300518605864919529),
+        Felt::new(13712227150607670181),
+        Felt::new(17021852944633065291),
+        Felt::new(6252096473787587650),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(4887609836208846458),
+        Felt::new(3027115137917284492),
+        Felt::new(9595098600469470675),
+        Felt::new(10528569829048484079),
+        Felt::new(7864689113198939815),
+        Felt::new(17533723827845969040),
+        Felt::new(5781638039037710951),
+        Felt::new(17024078752430719006),
+        Felt::new(109659393484013511),
+        Felt::new(7158933660534805869),
+        Felt::new(2955076958026921730),
+        Felt::new(7433723648458773977),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(16308865189192447297),
+        Felt::new(11977192855656444890),
+        Felt::new(12532242556065780287),
+        Felt::new(14594890931430968898),
+        Felt::new(7291784239689209784),
+        Felt::new(5514718540551361949),
+        Felt::new(10025733853830934803),
+        Felt::new(7293794580341021693),
+        Felt::new(6728552937464861756),
+        Felt::new(6332385040983343262),
+        Felt::new(13277683694236792804),
+        Felt::new(2600778905124452676),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(7123075680859040534),
+        Felt::new(1034205548717903090),
+        Felt::new(7717824418247931797),
+        Felt::new(3019070937878604058),
+        Felt::new(11403792746066867460),
+        Felt::new(10280580802233112374),
+        Felt::new(337153209462421218),
+        Felt::new(13333398568519923717),
+        Felt::new(3596153696935337464),
+        Felt::new(8104208463525993784),
+        Felt::new(14345062289456085693),
+        Felt::new(17036731477169661256),
+    ],
+];
+
+const ARK2: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = [
+    [
+        Felt::new(6077062762357204287),
+        Felt::new(15277620170502011191),
+        Felt::new(5358738125714196705),
+        Felt::new(14233283787297595718),
+        Felt::new(13792579614346651365),
+        Felt::new(11614812331536767105),
+        Felt::new(14871063686742261166),
+        Felt::new(10148237148793043499),
+        Felt::new(4457428952329675767),
+        Felt::new(15590786458219172475),
+        Felt::new(10063319113072092615),
+        Felt::new(14200078843431360086),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(6202948458916099932),
+        Felt::new(17690140365333231091),
+        Felt::new(3595001575307484651),
+        Felt::new(373995945117666487),
+        Felt::new(1235734395091296013),
+        Felt::new(14172757457833931602),
+        Felt::new(707573103686350224),
+        Felt::new(15453217512188187135),
+        Felt::new(219777875004506018),
+        Felt::new(17876696346199469008),
+        Felt::new(17731621626449383378),
+        Felt::new(2897136237748376248),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(8023374565629191455),
+        Felt::new(15013690343205953430),
+        Felt::new(4485500052507912973),
+        Felt::new(12489737547229155153),
+        Felt::new(9500452585969030576),
+        Felt::new(2054001340201038870),
+        Felt::new(12420704059284934186),
+        Felt::new(355990932618543755),
+        Felt::new(9071225051243523860),
+        Felt::new(12766199826003448536),
+        Felt::new(9045979173463556963),
+        Felt::new(12934431667190679898),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(18389244934624494276),
+        Felt::new(16731736864863925227),
+        Felt::new(4440209734760478192),
+        Felt::new(17208448209698888938),
+        Felt::new(8739495587021565984),
+        Felt::new(17000774922218161967),
+        Felt::new(13533282547195532087),
+        Felt::new(525402848358706231),
+        Felt::new(16987541523062161972),
+        Felt::new(5466806524462797102),
+        Felt::new(14512769585918244983),
+        Felt::new(10973956031244051118),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(6982293561042362913),
+        Felt::new(14065426295947720331),
+        Felt::new(16451845770444974180),
+        Felt::new(7139138592091306727),
+        Felt::new(9012006439959783127),
+        Felt::new(14619614108529063361),
+        Felt::new(1394813199588124371),
+        Felt::new(4635111139507788575),
+        Felt::new(16217473952264203365),
+        Felt::new(10782018226466330683),
+        Felt::new(6844229992533662050),
+        Felt::new(7446486531695178711),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(3736792340494631448),
+        Felt::new(577852220195055341),
+        Felt::new(6689998335515779805),
+        Felt::new(13886063479078013492),
+        Felt::new(14358505101923202168),
+        Felt::new(7744142531772274164),
+        Felt::new(16135070735728404443),
+        Felt::new(12290902521256031137),
+        Felt::new(12059913662657709804),
+        Felt::new(16456018495793751911),
+        Felt::new(4571485474751953524),
+        Felt::new(17200392109565783176),
+    ],
+    [
+        Felt::new(17130398059294018733),
+        Felt::new(519782857322261988),
+        Felt::new(9625384390925085478),
+        Felt::new(1664893052631119222),
+        Felt::new(7629576092524553570),
+        Felt::new(3485239601103661425),
+        Felt::new(9755891797164033838),
+        Felt::new(15218148195153269027),
+        Felt::new(16460604813734957368),
+        Felt::new(9643968136937729763),
+        Felt::new(3611348709641382851),
+        Felt::new(18256379591337759196),
+    ],
+];

src/hash/rescue/rpo/digest.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{Digest, Felt, StarkField, DIGEST_SIZE, ZERO};
+use super::{Digest, Felt, StarkField, DIGEST_BYTES, DIGEST_SIZE, ZERO};
 use crate::utils::{
     bytes_to_hex_string, hex_to_bytes, string::String, ByteReader, ByteWriter, Deserializable,
     DeserializationError, HexParseError, Serializable,
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@ use crate::utils::{
 use core::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Display, ops::Deref};
 use winter_utils::Randomizable;
 
-/// The number of bytes needed to encoded a digest
-pub const DIGEST_BYTES: usize = 32;
-
 // DIGEST TRAIT IMPLEMENTATIONS
 // ================================================================================================
 
@@ -172,9 +169,21 @@ impl From<&RpoDigest> for String {
     }
 }
 
-// CONVERSIONS: TO DIGEST
+// CONVERSIONS: TO RPO DIGEST
 // ================================================================================================
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum RpoDigestError {
+    /// The provided u64 integer does not fit in the field's moduli.
+    InvalidInteger,
+}
+
+impl From<&[Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpoDigest {
+    fn from(value: &[Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Self {
+        Self(*value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<[Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpoDigest {
     fn from(value: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Self {
         Self(value)
@@ -200,6 +209,46 @@ impl TryFrom<[u8; DIGEST_BYTES]> for RpoDigest {
     }
 }
 
+impl TryFrom<&[u8; DIGEST_BYTES]> for RpoDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &[u8; DIGEST_BYTES]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        (*value).try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&[u8]> for RpoDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        (*value).try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<[u64; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpoDigest {
+    type Error = RpoDigestError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: [u64; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Result<Self, RpoDigestError> {
+        if value[0] >= Felt::MODULUS
+            || value[1] >= Felt::MODULUS
+            || value[2] >= Felt::MODULUS
+            || value[3] >= Felt::MODULUS
+        {
+            return Err(RpoDigestError::InvalidInteger);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self([value[0].into(), value[1].into(), value[2].into(), value[3].into()]))
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&[u64; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpoDigest {
+    type Error = RpoDigestError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &[u64; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Result<Self, RpoDigestError> {
+        (*value).try_into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl TryFrom<&str> for RpoDigest {
     type Error = HexParseError;
 
@@ -253,13 +302,24 @@ impl Deserializable for RpoDigest {
     }
 }
 
+// ITERATORS
+// ================================================================================================
+impl IntoIterator for RpoDigest {
+    type Item = Felt;
+    type IntoIter = <[Felt; 4] as IntoIterator>::IntoIter;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.0.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
 // TESTS
 // ================================================================================================
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{Deserializable, Felt, RpoDigest, Serializable, DIGEST_BYTES};
-    use crate::utils::SliceReader;
+    use super::{Deserializable, Felt, RpoDigest, Serializable, DIGEST_BYTES, DIGEST_SIZE};
+    use crate::utils::{string::String, SliceReader};
     use rand_utils::rand_value;
 
     #[test]
@@ -281,7 +341,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(d1, d2);
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
     #[test]
     fn digest_encoding() {
         let digest = RpoDigest([
@@ -296,4 +355,54 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(digest, round_trip);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_conversions() {
+        let digest = RpoDigest([
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+        ]);
+
+        let v: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.into();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.into();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u64; DIGEST_SIZE] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u64; DIGEST_SIZE] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: String = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: String = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = (&v).try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpoDigest = (&v).try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+    }
 }

src/hash/rescue/rpo/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+use super::{
+    add_constants, add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox, add_constants_and_apply_sbox, apply_inv_sbox,
+    apply_mds, apply_sbox, Digest, ElementHasher, Felt, FieldElement, Hasher, StarkField, ARK1,
+    ARK2, BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE, CAPACITY_RANGE, DIGEST_BYTES, DIGEST_RANGE, DIGEST_SIZE, INPUT1_RANGE,
+    INPUT2_RANGE, MDS, NUM_ROUNDS, ONE, RATE_RANGE, RATE_WIDTH, STATE_WIDTH, ZERO,
+};
+use core::{convert::TryInto, ops::Range};
+
+mod digest;
+pub use digest::RpoDigest;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+// HASHER IMPLEMENTATION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+/// Implementation of the Rescue Prime Optimized hash function with 256-bit output.
+///
+/// The hash function is implemented according to the Rescue Prime Optimized
+/// [specifications](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1577)
+///
+/// The parameters used to instantiate the function are:
+/// * Field: 64-bit prime field with modulus 2^64 - 2^32 + 1.
+/// * State width: 12 field elements.
+/// * Capacity size: 4 field elements.
+/// * Number of founds: 7.
+/// * S-Box degree: 7.
+///
+/// The above parameters target 128-bit security level. The digest consists of four field elements
+/// and it can be serialized into 32 bytes (256 bits).
+///
+/// ## Hash output consistency
+/// Functions [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements), [merge()](Rpo256::merge), and
+/// [merge_with_int()](Rpo256::merge_with_int) are internally consistent. That is, computing
+/// a hash for the same set of elements using these functions will always produce the same
+/// result. For example, merging two digests using [merge()](Rpo256::merge) will produce the
+/// same result as hashing 8 elements which make up these digests using
+/// [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements) function.
+///
+/// However, [hash()](Rpo256::hash) function is not consistent with functions mentioned above.
+/// For example, if we take two field elements, serialize them to bytes and hash them using
+/// [hash()](Rpo256::hash), the result will differ from the result obtained by hashing these
+/// elements directly using [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements) function. The reason for
+/// this difference is that [hash()](Rpo256::hash) function needs to be able to handle
+/// arbitrary binary strings, which may or may not encode valid field elements - and thus,
+/// deserialization procedure used by this function is different from the procedure used to
+/// deserialize valid field elements.
+///
+/// Thus, if the underlying data consists of valid field elements, it might make more sense
+/// to deserialize them into field elements and then hash them using
+/// [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements) function rather then hashing the serialized bytes
+/// using [hash()](Rpo256::hash) function.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Rpo256();
+
+impl Hasher for Rpo256 {
+    /// Rpo256 collision resistance is the same as the security level, that is 128-bits.
+    ///
+    /// #### Collision resistance
+    ///
+    /// However, our setup of the capacity registers might drop it to 126.
+    ///
+    /// Related issue: [#69](https://github.com/0xPolygonMiden/crypto/issues/69)
+    const COLLISION_RESISTANCE: u32 = 128;
+
+    type Digest = RpoDigest;
+
+    fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self::Digest {
+        // initialize the state with zeroes
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+
+        // set the capacity (first element) to a flag on whether or not the input length is evenly
+        // divided by the rate. this will prevent collisions between padded and non-padded inputs,
+        // and will rule out the need to perform an extra permutation in case of evenly divided
+        // inputs.
+        let is_rate_multiple = bytes.len() % RATE_WIDTH == 0;
+        if !is_rate_multiple {
+            state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
+        }
+
+        // initialize a buffer to receive the little-endian elements.
+        let mut buf = [0_u8; 8];
+
+        // iterate the chunks of bytes, creating a field element from each chunk and copying it
+        // into the state.
+        //
+        // every time the rate range is filled, a permutation is performed. if the final value of
+        // `i` is not zero, then the chunks count wasn't enough to fill the state range, and an
+        // additional permutation must be performed.
+        let i = bytes.chunks(BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE).fold(0, |i, chunk| {
+            // the last element of the iteration may or may not be a full chunk. if it's not, then
+            // we need to pad the remainder bytes of the chunk with zeroes, separated by a `1`.
+            // this will avoid collisions.
+            if chunk.len() == BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE {
+                buf[..BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE].copy_from_slice(chunk);
+            } else {
+                buf.fill(0);
+                buf[..chunk.len()].copy_from_slice(chunk);
+                buf[chunk.len()] = 1;
+            }
+
+            // set the current rate element to the input. since we take at most 7 bytes, we are
+            // guaranteed that the inputs data will fit into a single field element.
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = Felt::new(u64::from_le_bytes(buf));
+
+            // proceed filling the range. if it's full, then we apply a permutation and reset the
+            // counter to the beginning of the range.
+            if i == RATE_WIDTH - 1 {
+                Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+                0
+            } else {
+                i + 1
+            }
+        });
+
+        // if we absorbed some elements but didn't apply a permutation to them (would happen when
+        // the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH), apply the RPO permutation. we
+        // don't need to apply any extra padding because the first capacity element contains a
+        // flag indicating whether the input is evenly divisible by the rate.
+        if i != 0 {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i..RATE_RANGE.end].fill(ZERO);
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ONE;
+            Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        }
+
+        // return the first 4 elements of the rate as hash result.
+        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn merge(values: &[Self::Digest; 2]) -> Self::Digest {
+        // initialize the state by copying the digest elements into the rate portion of the state
+        // (8 total elements), and set the capacity elements to 0.
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        let it = Self::Digest::digests_as_elements(values.iter());
+        for (i, v) in it.enumerate() {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = *v;
+        }
+
+        // apply the RPO permutation and return the first four elements of the state
+        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn merge_with_int(seed: Self::Digest, value: u64) -> Self::Digest {
+        // initialize the state as follows:
+        // - seed is copied into the first 4 elements of the rate portion of the state.
+        // - if the value fits into a single field element, copy it into the fifth rate element
+        //   and set the sixth rate element to 1.
+        // - if the value doesn't fit into a single field element, split it into two field
+        //   elements, copy them into rate elements 5 and 6, and set the seventh rate element
+        //   to 1.
+        // - set the first capacity element to 1
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        state[INPUT1_RANGE].copy_from_slice(seed.as_elements());
+        state[INPUT2_RANGE.start] = Felt::new(value);
+        if value < Felt::MODULUS {
+            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 1] = ONE;
+        } else {
+            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 1] = Felt::new(value / Felt::MODULUS);
+            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 2] = ONE;
+        }
+
+        // common padding for both cases
+        state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
+
+        // apply the RPO permutation and return the first four elements of the state
+        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ElementHasher for Rpo256 {
+    type BaseField = Felt;
+
+    fn hash_elements<E: FieldElement<BaseField = Self::BaseField>>(elements: &[E]) -> Self::Digest {
+        // convert the elements into a list of base field elements
+        let elements = E::slice_as_base_elements(elements);
+
+        // initialize state to all zeros, except for the first element of the capacity part, which
+        // is set to 1 if the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH.
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        if elements.len() % RATE_WIDTH != 0 {
+            state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
+        }
+
+        // absorb elements into the state one by one until the rate portion of the state is filled
+        // up; then apply the Rescue permutation and start absorbing again; repeat until all
+        // elements have been absorbed
+        let mut i = 0;
+        for &element in elements.iter() {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = element;
+            i += 1;
+            if i % RATE_WIDTH == 0 {
+                Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+                i = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if we absorbed some elements but didn't apply a permutation to them (would happen when
+        // the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH), apply the RPO permutation after
+        // padding by appending a 1 followed by as many 0 as necessary to make the input length a
+        // multiple of the RATE_WIDTH.
+        if i > 0 {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ONE;
+            i += 1;
+            while i != RATE_WIDTH {
+                state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ZERO;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        }
+
+        // return the first 4 elements of the state as hash result
+        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+// HASH FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+impl Rpo256 {
+    // CONSTANTS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// The number of rounds is set to 7 to target 128-bit security level.
+    pub const NUM_ROUNDS: usize = NUM_ROUNDS;
+
+    /// Sponge state is set to 12 field elements or 768 bytes; 8 elements are reserved for rate and
+    /// the remaining 4 elements are reserved for capacity.
+    pub const STATE_WIDTH: usize = STATE_WIDTH;
+
+    /// The rate portion of the state is located in elements 4 through 11 (inclusive).
+    pub const RATE_RANGE: Range<usize> = RATE_RANGE;
+
+    /// The capacity portion of the state is located in elements 0, 1, 2, and 3.
+    pub const CAPACITY_RANGE: Range<usize> = CAPACITY_RANGE;
+
+    /// The output of the hash function can be read from state elements 4, 5, 6, and 7.
+    pub const DIGEST_RANGE: Range<usize> = DIGEST_RANGE;
+
+    /// MDS matrix used for computing the linear layer in a RPO round.
+    pub const MDS: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; STATE_WIDTH] = MDS;
+
+    /// Round constants added to the hasher state in the first half of the RPO round.
+    pub const ARK1: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = ARK1;
+
+    /// Round constants added to the hasher state in the second half of the RPO round.
+    pub const ARK2: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = ARK2;
+
+    // TRAIT PASS-THROUGH FUNCTIONS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns a hash of the provided sequence of bytes.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> RpoDigest {
+        <Self as Hasher>::hash(bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a hash of two digests. This method is intended for use in construction of
+    /// Merkle trees and verification of Merkle paths.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn merge(values: &[RpoDigest; 2]) -> RpoDigest {
+        <Self as Hasher>::merge(values)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a hash of the provided field elements.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn hash_elements<E: FieldElement<BaseField = Felt>>(elements: &[E]) -> RpoDigest {
+        <Self as ElementHasher>::hash_elements(elements)
+    }
+
+    // DOMAIN IDENTIFIER
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns a hash of two digests and a domain identifier.
+    pub fn merge_in_domain(values: &[RpoDigest; 2], domain: Felt) -> RpoDigest {
+        // initialize the state by copying the digest elements into the rate portion of the state
+        // (8 total elements), and set the capacity elements to 0.
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        let it = RpoDigest::digests_as_elements(values.iter());
+        for (i, v) in it.enumerate() {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = *v;
+        }
+
+        // set the second capacity element to the domain value. The first capacity element is used
+        // for padding purposes.
+        state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start + 1] = domain;
+
+        // apply the RPO permutation and return the first four elements of the state
+        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    // RESCUE PERMUTATION
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Applies RPO permutation to the provided state.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn apply_permutation(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
+        for i in 0..NUM_ROUNDS {
+            Self::apply_round(state, i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// RPO round function.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn apply_round(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], round: usize) {
+        // apply first half of RPO round
+        apply_mds(state);
+        if !add_constants_and_apply_sbox(state, &ARK1[round]) {
+            add_constants(state, &ARK1[round]);
+            apply_sbox(state);
+        }
+
+        // apply second half of RPO round
+        apply_mds(state);
+        if !add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(state, &ARK2[round]) {
+            add_constants(state, &ARK2[round]);
+            apply_inv_sbox(state);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/hash/rescue/rpo/tests.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::{
-    Felt, FieldElement, Hasher, Rpo256, RpoDigest, StarkField, ALPHA, INV_ALPHA, ONE, STATE_WIDTH,
-    ZERO,
+    super::{apply_inv_sbox, apply_sbox, ALPHA, INV_ALPHA},
+    Felt, FieldElement, Hasher, Rpo256, RpoDigest, StarkField, ONE, STATE_WIDTH, ZERO,
 };
 use crate::{
     utils::collections::{BTreeSet, Vec},
@@ -10,13 +10,6 @@ use core::convert::TryInto;
 use proptest::prelude::*;
 use rand_utils::rand_value;
 
-#[test]
-fn test_alphas() {
-    let e: Felt = Felt::new(rand_value());
-    let e_exp = e.exp(ALPHA);
-    assert_eq!(e, e_exp.exp(INV_ALPHA));
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_sbox() {
     let state = [Felt::new(rand_value()); STATE_WIDTH];
@@ -25,7 +18,7 @@ fn test_sbox() {
     expected.iter_mut().for_each(|v| *v = v.exp(ALPHA));
 
     let mut actual = state;
-    Rpo256::apply_sbox(&mut actual);
+    apply_sbox(&mut actual);
 
     assert_eq!(expected, actual);
 }
@@ -38,7 +31,7 @@ fn test_inv_sbox() {
     expected.iter_mut().for_each(|v| *v = v.exp(INV_ALPHA));
 
     let mut actual = state;
-    Rpo256::apply_inv_sbox(&mut actual);
+    apply_inv_sbox(&mut actual);
 
     assert_eq!(expected, actual);
 }

src/hash/rescue/rpx/digest.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+use super::{Digest, Felt, StarkField, DIGEST_BYTES, DIGEST_SIZE, ZERO};
+use crate::utils::{
+    bytes_to_hex_string, hex_to_bytes, string::String, ByteReader, ByteWriter, Deserializable,
+    DeserializationError, HexParseError, Serializable,
+};
+use core::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Display, ops::Deref};
+use winter_utils::Randomizable;
+
+// DIGEST TRAIT IMPLEMENTATIONS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(into = "String", try_from = "&str"))]
+pub struct RpxDigest([Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]);
+
+impl RpxDigest {
+    pub const fn new(value: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Self {
+        Self(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_elements(&self) -> &[Felt] {
+        self.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] {
+        <Self as Digest>::as_bytes(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn digests_as_elements<'a, I>(digests: I) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a Felt>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = &'a Self>,
+    {
+        digests.flat_map(|d| d.0.iter())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Digest for RpxDigest {
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] {
+        let mut result = [0; DIGEST_BYTES];
+
+        result[..8].copy_from_slice(&self.0[0].as_int().to_le_bytes());
+        result[8..16].copy_from_slice(&self.0[1].as_int().to_le_bytes());
+        result[16..24].copy_from_slice(&self.0[2].as_int().to_le_bytes());
+        result[24..].copy_from_slice(&self.0[3].as_int().to_le_bytes());
+
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for RpxDigest {
+    type Target = [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for RpxDigest {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        // compare the inner u64 of both elements.
+        //
+        // it will iterate the elements and will return the first computation different than
+        // `Equal`. Otherwise, the ordering is equal.
+        //
+        // the endianness is irrelevant here because since, this being a cryptographically secure
+        // hash computation, the digest shouldn't have any ordered property of its input.
+        //
+        // finally, we use `Felt::inner` instead of `Felt::as_int` so we avoid performing a
+        // montgomery reduction for every limb. that is safe because every inner element of the
+        // digest is guaranteed to be in its canonical form (that is, `x in [0,p)`).
+        self.0.iter().map(Felt::inner).zip(other.0.iter().map(Felt::inner)).fold(
+            Ordering::Equal,
+            |ord, (a, b)| match ord {
+                Ordering::Equal => a.cmp(&b),
+                _ => ord,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for RpxDigest {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for RpxDigest {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        let encoded: String = self.into();
+        write!(f, "{}", encoded)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Randomizable for RpxDigest {
+    const VALUE_SIZE: usize = DIGEST_BYTES;
+
+    fn from_random_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
+        let bytes_array: Option<[u8; 32]> = bytes.try_into().ok();
+        if let Some(bytes_array) = bytes_array {
+            Self::try_from(bytes_array).ok()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// CONVERSIONS: FROM RPX DIGEST
+// ================================================================================================
+
+impl From<&RpxDigest> for [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE] {
+    fn from(value: &RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        value.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RpxDigest> for [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE] {
+    fn from(value: RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        value.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&RpxDigest> for [u64; DIGEST_SIZE] {
+    fn from(value: &RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        [
+            value.0[0].as_int(),
+            value.0[1].as_int(),
+            value.0[2].as_int(),
+            value.0[3].as_int(),
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RpxDigest> for [u64; DIGEST_SIZE] {
+    fn from(value: RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        [
+            value.0[0].as_int(),
+            value.0[1].as_int(),
+            value.0[2].as_int(),
+            value.0[3].as_int(),
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&RpxDigest> for [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] {
+    fn from(value: &RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        value.as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RpxDigest> for [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] {
+    fn from(value: RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        value.as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RpxDigest> for String {
+    /// The returned string starts with `0x`.
+    fn from(value: RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        bytes_to_hex_string(value.as_bytes())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&RpxDigest> for String {
+    /// The returned string starts with `0x`.
+    fn from(value: &RpxDigest) -> Self {
+        (*value).into()
+    }
+}
+
+// CONVERSIONS: TO RPX DIGEST
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum RpxDigestError {
+    /// The provided u64 integer does not fit in the field's moduli.
+    InvalidInteger,
+}
+
+impl From<&[Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpxDigest {
+    fn from(value: &[Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Self {
+        Self(*value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<[Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpxDigest {
+    fn from(value: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Self {
+        Self(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<[u8; DIGEST_BYTES]> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        // Note: the input length is known, the conversion from slice to array must succeed so the
+        // `unwrap`s below are safe
+        let a = u64::from_le_bytes(value[0..8].try_into().unwrap());
+        let b = u64::from_le_bytes(value[8..16].try_into().unwrap());
+        let c = u64::from_le_bytes(value[16..24].try_into().unwrap());
+        let d = u64::from_le_bytes(value[24..32].try_into().unwrap());
+
+        if [a, b, c, d].iter().any(|v| *v >= Felt::MODULUS) {
+            return Err(HexParseError::OutOfRange);
+        }
+
+        Ok(RpxDigest([Felt::new(a), Felt::new(b), Felt::new(c), Felt::new(d)]))
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&[u8; DIGEST_BYTES]> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &[u8; DIGEST_BYTES]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        (*value).try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&[u8]> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        (*value).try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<[u64; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = RpxDigestError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: [u64; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Result<Self, RpxDigestError> {
+        if value[0] >= Felt::MODULUS
+            || value[1] >= Felt::MODULUS
+            || value[2] >= Felt::MODULUS
+            || value[3] >= Felt::MODULUS
+        {
+            return Err(RpxDigestError::InvalidInteger);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self([value[0].into(), value[1].into(), value[2].into(), value[3].into()]))
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&[u64; DIGEST_SIZE]> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = RpxDigestError;
+
+    fn try_from(value: &[u64; DIGEST_SIZE]) -> Result<Self, RpxDigestError> {
+        (*value).try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&str> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    /// Expects the string to start with `0x`.
+    fn try_from(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        hex_to_bytes(value).and_then(|v| v.try_into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<String> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    /// Expects the string to start with `0x`.
+    fn try_from(value: String) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        value.as_str().try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&String> for RpxDigest {
+    type Error = HexParseError;
+
+    /// Expects the string to start with `0x`.
+    fn try_from(value: &String) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        value.as_str().try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+// SERIALIZATION / DESERIALIZATION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+impl Serializable for RpxDigest {
+    fn write_into<W: ByteWriter>(&self, target: &mut W) {
+        target.write_bytes(&self.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deserializable for RpxDigest {
+    fn read_from<R: ByteReader>(source: &mut R) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        let mut inner: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE] = [ZERO; DIGEST_SIZE];
+        for inner in inner.iter_mut() {
+            let e = source.read_u64()?;
+            if e >= Felt::MODULUS {
+                return Err(DeserializationError::InvalidValue(String::from(
+                    "Value not in the appropriate range",
+                )));
+            }
+            *inner = Felt::new(e);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self(inner))
+    }
+}
+
+// TESTS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{Deserializable, Felt, RpxDigest, Serializable, DIGEST_BYTES, DIGEST_SIZE};
+    use crate::utils::{string::String, SliceReader};
+    use rand_utils::rand_value;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn digest_serialization() {
+        let e1 = Felt::new(rand_value());
+        let e2 = Felt::new(rand_value());
+        let e3 = Felt::new(rand_value());
+        let e4 = Felt::new(rand_value());
+
+        let d1 = RpxDigest([e1, e2, e3, e4]);
+
+        let mut bytes = vec![];
+        d1.write_into(&mut bytes);
+        assert_eq!(DIGEST_BYTES, bytes.len());
+
+        let mut reader = SliceReader::new(&bytes);
+        let d2 = RpxDigest::read_from(&mut reader).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(d1, d2);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    #[test]
+    fn digest_encoding() {
+        let digest = RpxDigest([
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+        ]);
+
+        let string: String = digest.into();
+        let round_trip: RpxDigest = string.try_into().expect("decoding failed");
+
+        assert_eq!(digest, round_trip);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_conversions() {
+        let digest = RpxDigest([
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+            Felt::new(rand_value()),
+        ]);
+
+        let v: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.into();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [Felt; DIGEST_SIZE] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.into();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u64; DIGEST_SIZE] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u64; DIGEST_SIZE] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: String = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: String = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = v.try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = digest.into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = (&v).try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+
+        let v: [u8; DIGEST_BYTES] = (&digest).into();
+        let v2: RpxDigest = (&v).try_into().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(digest, v2);
+    }
+}

src/hash/rescue/rpx/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+use super::{
+    add_constants, add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox, add_constants_and_apply_sbox, apply_inv_sbox,
+    apply_mds, apply_sbox, CubeExtension, Digest, ElementHasher, Felt, FieldElement, Hasher,
+    StarkField, ARK1, ARK2, BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE, CAPACITY_RANGE, DIGEST_BYTES, DIGEST_RANGE,
+    DIGEST_SIZE, INPUT1_RANGE, INPUT2_RANGE, MDS, NUM_ROUNDS, ONE, RATE_RANGE, RATE_WIDTH,
+    STATE_WIDTH, ZERO,
+};
+use core::{convert::TryInto, ops::Range};
+
+mod digest;
+pub use digest::RpxDigest;
+
+pub type CubicExtElement = CubeExtension<Felt>;
+
+// HASHER IMPLEMENTATION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+/// Implementation of the Rescue Prime eXtension hash function with 256-bit output.
+///
+/// The hash function is based on the XHash12 construction in [specifications](https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1045)
+///
+/// The parameters used to instantiate the function are:
+/// * Field: 64-bit prime field with modulus 2^64 - 2^32 + 1.
+/// * State width: 12 field elements.
+/// * Capacity size: 4 field elements.
+/// * S-Box degree: 7.
+/// * Rounds: There are 3 different types of rounds:
+/// - (FB): `apply_mds` → `add_constants` → `apply_sbox` → `apply_mds` → `add_constants` → `apply_inv_sbox`.
+/// - (E): `add_constants` → `ext_sbox` (which is raising to power 7 in the degree 3 extension field).
+/// - (M): `apply_mds` → `add_constants`.
+/// * Permutation: (FB) (E) (FB) (E) (FB) (E) (M).
+///
+/// The above parameters target 128-bit security level. The digest consists of four field elements
+/// and it can be serialized into 32 bytes (256 bits).
+///
+/// ## Hash output consistency
+/// Functions [hash_elements()](Rpx256::hash_elements), [merge()](Rpx256::merge), and
+/// [merge_with_int()](Rpx256::merge_with_int) are internally consistent. That is, computing
+/// a hash for the same set of elements using these functions will always produce the same
+/// result. For example, merging two digests using [merge()](Rpx256::merge) will produce the
+/// same result as hashing 8 elements which make up these digests using
+/// [hash_elements()](Rpx256::hash_elements) function.
+///
+/// However, [hash()](Rpx256::hash) function is not consistent with functions mentioned above.
+/// For example, if we take two field elements, serialize them to bytes and hash them using
+/// [hash()](Rpx256::hash), the result will differ from the result obtained by hashing these
+/// elements directly using [hash_elements()](Rpx256::hash_elements) function. The reason for
+/// this difference is that [hash()](Rpx256::hash) function needs to be able to handle
+/// arbitrary binary strings, which may or may not encode valid field elements - and thus,
+/// deserialization procedure used by this function is different from the procedure used to
+/// deserialize valid field elements.
+///
+/// Thus, if the underlying data consists of valid field elements, it might make more sense
+/// to deserialize them into field elements and then hash them using
+/// [hash_elements()](Rpx256::hash_elements) function rather then hashing the serialized bytes
+/// using [hash()](Rpx256::hash) function.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Rpx256();
+
+impl Hasher for Rpx256 {
+    /// Rpx256 collision resistance is the same as the security level, that is 128-bits.
+    ///
+    /// #### Collision resistance
+    ///
+    /// However, our setup of the capacity registers might drop it to 126.
+    ///
+    /// Related issue: [#69](https://github.com/0xPolygonMiden/crypto/issues/69)
+    const COLLISION_RESISTANCE: u32 = 128;
+
+    type Digest = RpxDigest;
+
+    fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self::Digest {
+        // initialize the state with zeroes
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+
+        // set the capacity (first element) to a flag on whether or not the input length is evenly
+        // divided by the rate. this will prevent collisions between padded and non-padded inputs,
+        // and will rule out the need to perform an extra permutation in case of evenly divided
+        // inputs.
+        let is_rate_multiple = bytes.len() % RATE_WIDTH == 0;
+        if !is_rate_multiple {
+            state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
+        }
+
+        // initialize a buffer to receive the little-endian elements.
+        let mut buf = [0_u8; 8];
+
+        // iterate the chunks of bytes, creating a field element from each chunk and copying it
+        // into the state.
+        //
+        // every time the rate range is filled, a permutation is performed. if the final value of
+        // `i` is not zero, then the chunks count wasn't enough to fill the state range, and an
+        // additional permutation must be performed.
+        let i = bytes.chunks(BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE).fold(0, |i, chunk| {
+            // the last element of the iteration may or may not be a full chunk. if it's not, then
+            // we need to pad the remainder bytes of the chunk with zeroes, separated by a `1`.
+            // this will avoid collisions.
+            if chunk.len() == BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE {
+                buf[..BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE].copy_from_slice(chunk);
+            } else {
+                buf.fill(0);
+                buf[..chunk.len()].copy_from_slice(chunk);
+                buf[chunk.len()] = 1;
+            }
+
+            // set the current rate element to the input. since we take at most 7 bytes, we are
+            // guaranteed that the inputs data will fit into a single field element.
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = Felt::new(u64::from_le_bytes(buf));
+
+            // proceed filling the range. if it's full, then we apply a permutation and reset the
+            // counter to the beginning of the range.
+            if i == RATE_WIDTH - 1 {
+                Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+                0
+            } else {
+                i + 1
+            }
+        });
+
+        // if we absorbed some elements but didn't apply a permutation to them (would happen when
+        // the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH), apply the RPX permutation. we
+        // don't need to apply any extra padding because the first capacity element contains a
+        // flag indicating whether the input is evenly divisible by the rate.
+        if i != 0 {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i..RATE_RANGE.end].fill(ZERO);
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ONE;
+            Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        }
+
+        // return the first 4 elements of the rate as hash result.
+        RpxDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn merge(values: &[Self::Digest; 2]) -> Self::Digest {
+        // initialize the state by copying the digest elements into the rate portion of the state
+        // (8 total elements), and set the capacity elements to 0.
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        let it = Self::Digest::digests_as_elements(values.iter());
+        for (i, v) in it.enumerate() {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = *v;
+        }
+
+        // apply the RPX permutation and return the first four elements of the state
+        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        RpxDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn merge_with_int(seed: Self::Digest, value: u64) -> Self::Digest {
+        // initialize the state as follows:
+        // - seed is copied into the first 4 elements of the rate portion of the state.
+        // - if the value fits into a single field element, copy it into the fifth rate element
+        //   and set the sixth rate element to 1.
+        // - if the value doesn't fit into a single field element, split it into two field
+        //   elements, copy them into rate elements 5 and 6, and set the seventh rate element
+        //   to 1.
+        // - set the first capacity element to 1
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        state[INPUT1_RANGE].copy_from_slice(seed.as_elements());
+        state[INPUT2_RANGE.start] = Felt::new(value);
+        if value < Felt::MODULUS {
+            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 1] = ONE;
+        } else {
+            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 1] = Felt::new(value / Felt::MODULUS);
+            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 2] = ONE;
+        }
+
+        // common padding for both cases
+        state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
+
+        // apply the RPX permutation and return the first four elements of the state
+        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        RpxDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ElementHasher for Rpx256 {
+    type BaseField = Felt;
+
+    fn hash_elements<E: FieldElement<BaseField = Self::BaseField>>(elements: &[E]) -> Self::Digest {
+        // convert the elements into a list of base field elements
+        let elements = E::slice_as_base_elements(elements);
+
+        // initialize state to all zeros, except for the first element of the capacity part, which
+        // is set to 1 if the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH.
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        if elements.len() % RATE_WIDTH != 0 {
+            state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
+        }
+
+        // absorb elements into the state one by one until the rate portion of the state is filled
+        // up; then apply the Rescue permutation and start absorbing again; repeat until all
+        // elements have been absorbed
+        let mut i = 0;
+        for &element in elements.iter() {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = element;
+            i += 1;
+            if i % RATE_WIDTH == 0 {
+                Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+                i = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if we absorbed some elements but didn't apply a permutation to them (would happen when
+        // the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH), apply the RPX permutation after
+        // padding by appending a 1 followed by as many 0 as necessary to make the input length a
+        // multiple of the RATE_WIDTH.
+        if i > 0 {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ONE;
+            i += 1;
+            while i != RATE_WIDTH {
+                state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ZERO;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        }
+
+        // return the first 4 elements of the state as hash result
+        RpxDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+// HASH FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+impl Rpx256 {
+    // CONSTANTS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Sponge state is set to 12 field elements or 768 bytes; 8 elements are reserved for rate and
+    /// the remaining 4 elements are reserved for capacity.
+    pub const STATE_WIDTH: usize = STATE_WIDTH;
+
+    /// The rate portion of the state is located in elements 4 through 11 (inclusive).
+    pub const RATE_RANGE: Range<usize> = RATE_RANGE;
+
+    /// The capacity portion of the state is located in elements 0, 1, 2, and 3.
+    pub const CAPACITY_RANGE: Range<usize> = CAPACITY_RANGE;
+
+    /// The output of the hash function can be read from state elements 4, 5, 6, and 7.
+    pub const DIGEST_RANGE: Range<usize> = DIGEST_RANGE;
+
+    /// MDS matrix used for computing the linear layer in the (FB) and (E) rounds.
+    pub const MDS: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; STATE_WIDTH] = MDS;
+
+    /// Round constants added to the hasher state in the first half of the round.
+    pub const ARK1: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = ARK1;
+
+    /// Round constants added to the hasher state in the second half of the round.
+    pub const ARK2: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = ARK2;
+
+    // TRAIT PASS-THROUGH FUNCTIONS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns a hash of the provided sequence of bytes.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> RpxDigest {
+        <Self as Hasher>::hash(bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a hash of two digests. This method is intended for use in construction of
+    /// Merkle trees and verification of Merkle paths.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn merge(values: &[RpxDigest; 2]) -> RpxDigest {
+        <Self as Hasher>::merge(values)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a hash of the provided field elements.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn hash_elements<E: FieldElement<BaseField = Felt>>(elements: &[E]) -> RpxDigest {
+        <Self as ElementHasher>::hash_elements(elements)
+    }
+
+    // DOMAIN IDENTIFIER
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns a hash of two digests and a domain identifier.
+    pub fn merge_in_domain(values: &[RpxDigest; 2], domain: Felt) -> RpxDigest {
+        // initialize the state by copying the digest elements into the rate portion of the state
+        // (8 total elements), and set the capacity elements to 0.
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+        let it = RpxDigest::digests_as_elements(values.iter());
+        for (i, v) in it.enumerate() {
+            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = *v;
+        }
+
+        // set the second capacity element to the domain value. The first capacity element is used
+        // for padding purposes.
+        state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start + 1] = domain;
+
+        // apply the RPX permutation and return the first four elements of the state
+        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+        RpxDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    // RPX PERMUTATION
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Applies RPX permutation to the provided state.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn apply_permutation(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
+        Self::apply_fb_round(state, 0);
+        Self::apply_ext_round(state, 1);
+        Self::apply_fb_round(state, 2);
+        Self::apply_ext_round(state, 3);
+        Self::apply_fb_round(state, 4);
+        Self::apply_ext_round(state, 5);
+        Self::apply_final_round(state, 6);
+    }
+
+    // RPX PERMUTATION ROUND FUNCTIONS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// (FB) round function.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn apply_fb_round(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], round: usize) {
+        apply_mds(state);
+        if !add_constants_and_apply_sbox(state, &ARK1[round]) {
+            add_constants(state, &ARK1[round]);
+            apply_sbox(state);
+        }
+
+        apply_mds(state);
+        if !add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(state, &ARK2[round]) {
+            add_constants(state, &ARK2[round]);
+            apply_inv_sbox(state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// (E) round function.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn apply_ext_round(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], round: usize) {
+        // add constants
+        add_constants(state, &ARK1[round]);
+
+        // decompose the state into 4 elements in the cubic extension field and apply the power 7
+        // map to each of the elements
+        let [s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7, s8, s9, s10, s11] = *state;
+        let ext0 = Self::exp7(CubicExtElement::new(s0, s1, s2));
+        let ext1 = Self::exp7(CubicExtElement::new(s3, s4, s5));
+        let ext2 = Self::exp7(CubicExtElement::new(s6, s7, s8));
+        let ext3 = Self::exp7(CubicExtElement::new(s9, s10, s11));
+
+        // decompose the state back into 12 base field elements
+        let arr_ext = [ext0, ext1, ext2, ext3];
+        *state = CubicExtElement::slice_as_base_elements(&arr_ext)
+            .try_into()
+            .expect("shouldn't fail");
+    }
+
+    /// (M) round function.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn apply_final_round(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], round: usize) {
+        apply_mds(state);
+        add_constants(state, &ARK1[round]);
+    }
+
+    /// Computes an exponentiation to the power 7 in cubic extension field
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn exp7(x: CubeExtension<Felt>) -> CubeExtension<Felt> {
+        let x2 = x.square();
+        let x4 = x2.square();
+
+        let x3 = x2 * x;
+        x3 * x4
+    }
+}

src/hash/rescue/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use super::{Felt, FieldElement, ALPHA, INV_ALPHA};
+use rand_utils::rand_value;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_alphas() {
+    let e: Felt = Felt::new(rand_value());
+    let e_exp = e.exp(ALPHA);
+    assert_eq!(e, e_exp.exp(INV_ALPHA));
+}

src/hash/rpo/mod.rs

@@ -1,905 +0,0 @@
-use super::{Digest, ElementHasher, Felt, FieldElement, Hasher, StarkField, ONE, ZERO};
-use core::{convert::TryInto, ops::Range};
-
-mod digest;
-pub use digest::RpoDigest;
-
-mod mds_freq;
-use mds_freq::mds_multiply_freq;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests;
-
-#[cfg(all(target_feature = "sve", feature = "sve"))]
-#[link(name = "rpo_sve", kind = "static")]
-extern "C" {
-    fn add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
-        state: *mut std::ffi::c_ulong,
-        constants: *const std::ffi::c_ulong,
-    ) -> bool;
-    fn add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
-        state: *mut std::ffi::c_ulong,
-        constants: *const std::ffi::c_ulong,
-    ) -> bool;
-}
-
-// CONSTANTS
-// ================================================================================================
-
-/// Sponge state is set to 12 field elements or 96 bytes; 8 elements are reserved for rate and
-/// the remaining 4 elements are reserved for capacity.
-const STATE_WIDTH: usize = 12;
-
-/// The rate portion of the state is located in elements 4 through 11.
-const RATE_RANGE: Range<usize> = 4..12;
-const RATE_WIDTH: usize = RATE_RANGE.end - RATE_RANGE.start;
-
-const INPUT1_RANGE: Range<usize> = 4..8;
-const INPUT2_RANGE: Range<usize> = 8..12;
-
-/// The capacity portion of the state is located in elements 0, 1, 2, and 3.
-const CAPACITY_RANGE: Range<usize> = 0..4;
-
-/// The output of the hash function is a digest which consists of 4 field elements or 32 bytes.
-///
-/// The digest is returned from state elements 4, 5, 6, and 7 (the first four elements of the
-/// rate portion).
-const DIGEST_RANGE: Range<usize> = 4..8;
-const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = DIGEST_RANGE.end - DIGEST_RANGE.start;
-
-/// The number of rounds is set to 7 to target 128-bit security level
-const NUM_ROUNDS: usize = 7;
-
-/// The number of byte chunks defining a field element when hashing a sequence of bytes
-const BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 7;
-
-/// S-Box and Inverse S-Box powers;
-///
-/// The constants are defined for tests only because the exponentiations in the code are unrolled
-/// for efficiency reasons.
-#[cfg(test)]
-const ALPHA: u64 = 7;
-#[cfg(test)]
-const INV_ALPHA: u64 = 10540996611094048183;
-
-// HASHER IMPLEMENTATION
-// ================================================================================================
-
-/// Implementation of the Rescue Prime Optimized hash function with 256-bit output.
-///
-/// The hash function is implemented according to the Rescue Prime Optimized
-/// [specifications](https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1577)
-///
-/// The parameters used to instantiate the function are:
-/// * Field: 64-bit prime field with modulus 2^64 - 2^32 + 1.
-/// * State width: 12 field elements.
-/// * Capacity size: 4 field elements.
-/// * Number of founds: 7.
-/// * S-Box degree: 7.
-///
-/// The above parameters target 128-bit security level. The digest consists of four field elements
-/// and it can be serialized into 32 bytes (256 bits).
-///
-/// ## Hash output consistency
-/// Functions [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements), [merge()](Rpo256::merge), and
-/// [merge_with_int()](Rpo256::merge_with_int) are internally consistent. That is, computing
-/// a hash for the same set of elements using these functions will always produce the same
-/// result. For example, merging two digests using [merge()](Rpo256::merge) will produce the
-/// same result as hashing 8 elements which make up these digests using
-/// [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements) function.
-///
-/// However, [hash()](Rpo256::hash) function is not consistent with functions mentioned above.
-/// For example, if we take two field elements, serialize them to bytes and hash them using
-/// [hash()](Rpo256::hash), the result will differ from the result obtained by hashing these
-/// elements directly using [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements) function. The reason for
-/// this difference is that [hash()](Rpo256::hash) function needs to be able to handle
-/// arbitrary binary strings, which may or may not encode valid field elements - and thus,
-/// deserialization procedure used by this function is different from the procedure used to
-/// deserialize valid field elements.
-///
-/// Thus, if the underlying data consists of valid field elements, it might make more sense
-/// to deserialize them into field elements and then hash them using
-/// [hash_elements()](Rpo256::hash_elements) function rather then hashing the serialized bytes
-/// using [hash()](Rpo256::hash) function.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Rpo256();
-
-impl Hasher for Rpo256 {
-    /// Rpo256 collision resistance is the same as the security level, that is 128-bits.
-    ///
-    /// #### Collision resistance
-    ///
-    /// However, our setup of the capacity registers might drop it to 126.
-    ///
-    /// Related issue: [#69](https://github.com/0xPolygonMiden/crypto/issues/69)
-    const COLLISION_RESISTANCE: u32 = 128;
-
-    type Digest = RpoDigest;
-
-    fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> Self::Digest {
-        // initialize the state with zeroes
-        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
-
-        // set the capacity (first element) to a flag on whether or not the input length is evenly
-        // divided by the rate. this will prevent collisions between padded and non-padded inputs,
-        // and will rule out the need to perform an extra permutation in case of evenly divided
-        // inputs.
-        let is_rate_multiple = bytes.len() % RATE_WIDTH == 0;
-        if !is_rate_multiple {
-            state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
-        }
-
-        // initialize a buffer to receive the little-endian elements.
-        let mut buf = [0_u8; 8];
-
-        // iterate the chunks of bytes, creating a field element from each chunk and copying it
-        // into the state.
-        //
-        // every time the rate range is filled, a permutation is performed. if the final value of
-        // `i` is not zero, then the chunks count wasn't enough to fill the state range, and an
-        // additional permutation must be performed.
-        let i = bytes.chunks(BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE).fold(0, |i, chunk| {
-            // the last element of the iteration may or may not be a full chunk. if it's not, then
-            // we need to pad the remainder bytes of the chunk with zeroes, separated by a `1`.
-            // this will avoid collisions.
-            if chunk.len() == BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE {
-                buf[..BINARY_CHUNK_SIZE].copy_from_slice(chunk);
-            } else {
-                buf.fill(0);
-                buf[..chunk.len()].copy_from_slice(chunk);
-                buf[chunk.len()] = 1;
-            }
-
-            // set the current rate element to the input. since we take at most 7 bytes, we are
-            // guaranteed that the inputs data will fit into a single field element.
-            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = Felt::new(u64::from_le_bytes(buf));
-
-            // proceed filling the range. if it's full, then we apply a permutation and reset the
-            // counter to the beginning of the range.
-            if i == RATE_WIDTH - 1 {
-                Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
-                0
-            } else {
-                i + 1
-            }
-        });
-
-        // if we absorbed some elements but didn't apply a permutation to them (would happen when
-        // the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH), apply the RPO permutation. we
-        // don't need to apply any extra padding because the first capacity element contains a
-        // flag indicating whether the input is evenly divisible by the rate.
-        if i != 0 {
-            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i..RATE_RANGE.end].fill(ZERO);
-            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ONE;
-            Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
-        }
-
-        // return the first 4 elements of the rate as hash result.
-        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
-    }
-
-    fn merge(values: &[Self::Digest; 2]) -> Self::Digest {
-        // initialize the state by copying the digest elements into the rate portion of the state
-        // (8 total elements), and set the capacity elements to 0.
-        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
-        let it = Self::Digest::digests_as_elements(values.iter());
-        for (i, v) in it.enumerate() {
-            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = *v;
-        }
-
-        // apply the RPO permutation and return the first four elements of the state
-        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
-        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
-    }
-
-    fn merge_with_int(seed: Self::Digest, value: u64) -> Self::Digest {
-        // initialize the state as follows:
-        // - seed is copied into the first 4 elements of the rate portion of the state.
-        // - if the value fits into a single field element, copy it into the fifth rate element
-        //   and set the sixth rate element to 1.
-        // - if the value doesn't fit into a single field element, split it into two field
-        //   elements, copy them into rate elements 5 and 6, and set the seventh rate element
-        //   to 1.
-        // - set the first capacity element to 1
-        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
-        state[INPUT1_RANGE].copy_from_slice(seed.as_elements());
-        state[INPUT2_RANGE.start] = Felt::new(value);
-        if value < Felt::MODULUS {
-            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 1] = ONE;
-        } else {
-            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 1] = Felt::new(value / Felt::MODULUS);
-            state[INPUT2_RANGE.start + 2] = ONE;
-        }
-
-        // common padding for both cases
-        state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
-
-        // apply the RPO permutation and return the first four elements of the state
-        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
-        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
-    }
-}
-
-impl ElementHasher for Rpo256 {
-    type BaseField = Felt;
-
-    fn hash_elements<E: FieldElement<BaseField = Self::BaseField>>(elements: &[E]) -> Self::Digest {
-        // convert the elements into a list of base field elements
-        let elements = E::slice_as_base_elements(elements);
-
-        // initialize state to all zeros, except for the first element of the capacity part, which
-        // is set to 1 if the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH.
-        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
-        if elements.len() % RATE_WIDTH != 0 {
-            state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start] = ONE;
-        }
-
-        // absorb elements into the state one by one until the rate portion of the state is filled
-        // up; then apply the Rescue permutation and start absorbing again; repeat until all
-        // elements have been absorbed
-        let mut i = 0;
-        for &element in elements.iter() {
-            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = element;
-            i += 1;
-            if i % RATE_WIDTH == 0 {
-                Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
-                i = 0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // if we absorbed some elements but didn't apply a permutation to them (would happen when
-        // the number of elements is not a multiple of RATE_WIDTH), apply the RPO permutation after
-        // padding by appending a 1 followed by as many 0 as necessary to make the input length a
-        // multiple of the RATE_WIDTH.
-        if i > 0 {
-            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ONE;
-            i += 1;
-            while i != RATE_WIDTH {
-                state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = ZERO;
-                i += 1;
-            }
-            Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
-        }
-
-        // return the first 4 elements of the state as hash result
-        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
-    }
-}
-
-// HASH FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATION
-// ================================================================================================
-
-impl Rpo256 {
-    // CONSTANTS
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    /// The number of rounds is set to 7 to target 128-bit security level.
-    pub const NUM_ROUNDS: usize = NUM_ROUNDS;
-
-    /// Sponge state is set to 12 field elements or 768 bytes; 8 elements are reserved for rate and
-    /// the remaining 4 elements are reserved for capacity.
-    pub const STATE_WIDTH: usize = STATE_WIDTH;
-
-    /// The rate portion of the state is located in elements 4 through 11 (inclusive).
-    pub const RATE_RANGE: Range<usize> = RATE_RANGE;
-
-    /// The capacity portion of the state is located in elements 0, 1, 2, and 3.
-    pub const CAPACITY_RANGE: Range<usize> = CAPACITY_RANGE;
-
-    /// The output of the hash function can be read from state elements 4, 5, 6, and 7.
-    pub const DIGEST_RANGE: Range<usize> = DIGEST_RANGE;
-
-    /// MDS matrix used for computing the linear layer in a RPO round.
-    pub const MDS: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; STATE_WIDTH] = MDS;
-
-    /// Round constants added to the hasher state in the first half of the RPO round.
-    pub const ARK1: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = ARK1;
-
-    /// Round constants added to the hasher state in the second half of the RPO round.
-    pub const ARK2: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = ARK2;
-
-    // TRAIT PASS-THROUGH FUNCTIONS
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    /// Returns a hash of the provided sequence of bytes.
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> RpoDigest {
-        <Self as Hasher>::hash(bytes)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a hash of two digests. This method is intended for use in construction of
-    /// Merkle trees and verification of Merkle paths.
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn merge(values: &[RpoDigest; 2]) -> RpoDigest {
-        <Self as Hasher>::merge(values)
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a hash of the provided field elements.
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn hash_elements<E: FieldElement<BaseField = Felt>>(elements: &[E]) -> RpoDigest {
-        <Self as ElementHasher>::hash_elements(elements)
-    }
-
-    // DOMAIN IDENTIFIER
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    /// Returns a hash of two digests and a domain identifier.
-    pub fn merge_in_domain(values: &[RpoDigest; 2], domain: Felt) -> RpoDigest {
-        // initialize the state by copying the digest elements into the rate portion of the state
-        // (8 total elements), and set the capacity elements to 0.
-        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
-        let it = RpoDigest::digests_as_elements(values.iter());
-        for (i, v) in it.enumerate() {
-            state[RATE_RANGE.start + i] = *v;
-        }
-
-        // set the second capacity element to the domain value. The first capacity element is used
-        // for padding purposes.
-        state[CAPACITY_RANGE.start + 1] = domain;
-
-        // apply the RPO permutation and return the first four elements of the state
-        Self::apply_permutation(&mut state);
-        RpoDigest::new(state[DIGEST_RANGE].try_into().unwrap())
-    }
-
-    // RESCUE PERMUTATION
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    /// Applies RPO permutation to the provided state.
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn apply_permutation(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
-        for i in 0..NUM_ROUNDS {
-            Self::apply_round(state, i);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// RPO round function.
-    #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn apply_round(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], round: usize) {
-        // apply first half of RPO round
-        Self::apply_mds(state);
-        if !Self::optimized_add_constants_and_apply_sbox(state, &ARK1[round]) {
-            Self::add_constants(state, &ARK1[round]);
-            Self::apply_sbox(state);
-        }
-
-        // apply second half of RPO round
-        Self::apply_mds(state);
-        if !Self::optimized_add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(state, &ARK2[round]) {
-            Self::add_constants(state, &ARK2[round]);
-            Self::apply_inv_sbox(state);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // HELPER FUNCTIONS
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    #[cfg(all(target_feature = "sve", feature = "sve"))]
-    fn optimized_add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
-        state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-        ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-    ) -> bool {
-        unsafe {
-            add_constants_and_apply_sbox(state.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u64, ark.as_ptr() as *const u64)
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    #[cfg(not(all(target_feature = "sve", feature = "sve")))]
-    fn optimized_add_constants_and_apply_sbox(
-        _state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-        _ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-    ) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    #[cfg(all(target_feature = "sve", feature = "sve"))]
-    fn optimized_add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
-        state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-        ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-    ) -> bool {
-        unsafe {
-            add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
-                state.as_mut_ptr() as *mut u64,
-                ark.as_ptr() as *const u64,
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    #[cfg(not(all(target_feature = "sve", feature = "sve")))]
-    fn optimized_add_constants_and_apply_inv_sbox(
-        _state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-        _ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
-    ) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn apply_mds(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
-        let mut result = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
-
-        // Using the linearity of the operations we can split the state into a low||high decomposition
-        // and operate on each with no overflow and then combine/reduce the result to a field element.
-        // The no overflow is guaranteed by the fact that the MDS matrix is a small powers of two in
-        // frequency domain.
-        let mut state_l = [0u64; STATE_WIDTH];
-        let mut state_h = [0u64; STATE_WIDTH];
-
-        for r in 0..STATE_WIDTH {
-            let s = state[r].inner();
-            state_h[r] = s >> 32;
-            state_l[r] = (s as u32) as u64;
-        }
-
-        let state_h = mds_multiply_freq(state_h);
-        let state_l = mds_multiply_freq(state_l);
-
-        for r in 0..STATE_WIDTH {
-            let s = state_l[r] as u128 + ((state_h[r] as u128) << 32);
-            let s_hi = (s >> 64) as u64;
-            let s_lo = s as u64;
-            let z = (s_hi << 32) - s_hi;
-            let (res, over) = s_lo.overflowing_add(z);
-
-            result[r] = Felt::from_mont(res.wrapping_add(0u32.wrapping_sub(over as u32) as u64));
-        }
-        *state = result;
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn add_constants(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], ark: &[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
-        state.iter_mut().zip(ark).for_each(|(s, &k)| *s += k);
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn apply_sbox(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
-        state[0] = state[0].exp7();
-        state[1] = state[1].exp7();
-        state[2] = state[2].exp7();
-        state[3] = state[3].exp7();
-        state[4] = state[4].exp7();
-        state[5] = state[5].exp7();
-        state[6] = state[6].exp7();
-        state[7] = state[7].exp7();
-        state[8] = state[8].exp7();
-        state[9] = state[9].exp7();
-        state[10] = state[10].exp7();
-        state[11] = state[11].exp7();
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn apply_inv_sbox(state: &mut [Felt; STATE_WIDTH]) {
-        // compute base^10540996611094048183 using 72 multiplications per array element
-        // 10540996611094048183 = b1001001001001001001001001001000110110110110110110110110110110111
-
-        // compute base^10
-        let mut t1 = *state;
-        t1.iter_mut().for_each(|t| *t = t.square());
-
-        // compute base^100
-        let mut t2 = t1;
-        t2.iter_mut().for_each(|t| *t = t.square());
-
-        // compute base^100100
-        let t3 = Self::exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 3>(t2, t2);
-
-        // compute base^100100100100
-        let t4 = Self::exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 6>(t3, t3);
-
-        // compute base^100100100100100100100100
-        let t5 = Self::exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 12>(t4, t4);
-
-        // compute base^100100100100100100100100100100
-        let t6 = Self::exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 6>(t5, t3);
-
-        // compute base^1001001001001001001001001001000100100100100100100100100100100
-        let t7 = Self::exp_acc::<Felt, STATE_WIDTH, 31>(t6, t6);
-
-        // compute base^1001001001001001001001001001000110110110110110110110110110110111
-        for (i, s) in state.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            let a = (t7[i].square() * t6[i]).square().square();
-            let b = t1[i] * t2[i] * *s;
-            *s = a * b;
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn exp_acc<B: StarkField, const N: usize, const M: usize>(
-        base: [B; N],
-        tail: [B; N],
-    ) -> [B; N] {
-        let mut result = base;
-        for _ in 0..M {
-            result.iter_mut().for_each(|r| *r = r.square());
-        }
-        result.iter_mut().zip(tail).for_each(|(r, t)| *r *= t);
-        result
-    }
-}
-
-// MDS
-// ================================================================================================
-/// RPO MDS matrix
-const MDS: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; STATE_WIDTH] = [
-    [
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(23),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(23),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(26),
-        Felt::new(13),
-        Felt::new(10),
-        Felt::new(9),
-        Felt::new(7),
-        Felt::new(6),
-        Felt::new(22),
-        Felt::new(21),
-        Felt::new(8),
-        Felt::new(7),
-    ],
-];
-
-// ROUND CONSTANTS
-// ================================================================================================
-
-/// Rescue round constants;
-/// computed as in [specifications](https://github.com/ASDiscreteMathematics/rpo)
-///
-/// The constants are broken up into two arrays ARK1 and ARK2; ARK1 contains the constants for the
-/// first half of RPO round, and ARK2 contains constants for the second half of RPO round.
-const ARK1: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = [
-    [
-        Felt::new(5789762306288267392),
-        Felt::new(6522564764413701783),
-        Felt::new(17809893479458208203),
-        Felt::new(107145243989736508),
-        Felt::new(6388978042437517382),
-        Felt::new(15844067734406016715),
-        Felt::new(9975000513555218239),
-        Felt::new(3344984123768313364),
-        Felt::new(9959189626657347191),
-        Felt::new(12960773468763563665),
-        Felt::new(9602914297752488475),
-        Felt::new(16657542370200465908),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(12987190162843096997),
-        Felt::new(653957632802705281),
-        Felt::new(4441654670647621225),
-        Felt::new(4038207883745915761),
-        Felt::new(5613464648874830118),
-        Felt::new(13222989726778338773),
-        Felt::new(3037761201230264149),
-        Felt::new(16683759727265180203),
-        Felt::new(8337364536491240715),
-        Felt::new(3227397518293416448),
-        Felt::new(8110510111539674682),
-        Felt::new(2872078294163232137),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(18072785500942327487),
-        Felt::new(6200974112677013481),
-        Felt::new(17682092219085884187),
-        Felt::new(10599526828986756440),
-        Felt::new(975003873302957338),
-        Felt::new(8264241093196931281),
-        Felt::new(10065763900435475170),
-        Felt::new(2181131744534710197),
-        Felt::new(6317303992309418647),
-        Felt::new(1401440938888741532),
-        Felt::new(8884468225181997494),
-        Felt::new(13066900325715521532),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(5674685213610121970),
-        Felt::new(5759084860419474071),
-        Felt::new(13943282657648897737),
-        Felt::new(1352748651966375394),
-        Felt::new(17110913224029905221),
-        Felt::new(1003883795902368422),
-        Felt::new(4141870621881018291),
-        Felt::new(8121410972417424656),
-        Felt::new(14300518605864919529),
-        Felt::new(13712227150607670181),
-        Felt::new(17021852944633065291),
-        Felt::new(6252096473787587650),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(4887609836208846458),
-        Felt::new(3027115137917284492),
-        Felt::new(9595098600469470675),
-        Felt::new(10528569829048484079),
-        Felt::new(7864689113198939815),
-        Felt::new(17533723827845969040),
-        Felt::new(5781638039037710951),
-        Felt::new(17024078752430719006),
-        Felt::new(109659393484013511),
-        Felt::new(7158933660534805869),
-        Felt::new(2955076958026921730),
-        Felt::new(7433723648458773977),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(16308865189192447297),
-        Felt::new(11977192855656444890),
-        Felt::new(12532242556065780287),
-        Felt::new(14594890931430968898),
-        Felt::new(7291784239689209784),
-        Felt::new(5514718540551361949),
-        Felt::new(10025733853830934803),
-        Felt::new(7293794580341021693),
-        Felt::new(6728552937464861756),
-        Felt::new(6332385040983343262),
-        Felt::new(13277683694236792804),
-        Felt::new(2600778905124452676),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(7123075680859040534),
-        Felt::new(1034205548717903090),
-        Felt::new(7717824418247931797),
-        Felt::new(3019070937878604058),
-        Felt::new(11403792746066867460),
-        Felt::new(10280580802233112374),
-        Felt::new(337153209462421218),
-        Felt::new(13333398568519923717),
-        Felt::new(3596153696935337464),
-        Felt::new(8104208463525993784),
-        Felt::new(14345062289456085693),
-        Felt::new(17036731477169661256),
-    ],
-];
-
-const ARK2: [[Felt; STATE_WIDTH]; NUM_ROUNDS] = [
-    [
-        Felt::new(6077062762357204287),
-        Felt::new(15277620170502011191),
-        Felt::new(5358738125714196705),
-        Felt::new(14233283787297595718),
-        Felt::new(13792579614346651365),
-        Felt::new(11614812331536767105),
-        Felt::new(14871063686742261166),
-        Felt::new(10148237148793043499),
-        Felt::new(4457428952329675767),
-        Felt::new(15590786458219172475),
-        Felt::new(10063319113072092615),
-        Felt::new(14200078843431360086),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(6202948458916099932),
-        Felt::new(17690140365333231091),
-        Felt::new(3595001575307484651),
-        Felt::new(373995945117666487),
-        Felt::new(1235734395091296013),
-        Felt::new(14172757457833931602),
-        Felt::new(707573103686350224),
-        Felt::new(15453217512188187135),
-        Felt::new(219777875004506018),
-        Felt::new(17876696346199469008),
-        Felt::new(17731621626449383378),
-        Felt::new(2897136237748376248),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(8023374565629191455),
-        Felt::new(15013690343205953430),
-        Felt::new(4485500052507912973),
-        Felt::new(12489737547229155153),
-        Felt::new(9500452585969030576),
-        Felt::new(2054001340201038870),
-        Felt::new(12420704059284934186),
-        Felt::new(355990932618543755),
-        Felt::new(9071225051243523860),
-        Felt::new(12766199826003448536),
-        Felt::new(9045979173463556963),
-        Felt::new(12934431667190679898),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(18389244934624494276),
-        Felt::new(16731736864863925227),
-        Felt::new(4440209734760478192),
-        Felt::new(17208448209698888938),
-        Felt::new(8739495587021565984),
-        Felt::new(17000774922218161967),
-        Felt::new(13533282547195532087),
-        Felt::new(525402848358706231),
-        Felt::new(16987541523062161972),
-        Felt::new(5466806524462797102),
-        Felt::new(14512769585918244983),
-        Felt::new(10973956031244051118),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(6982293561042362913),
-        Felt::new(14065426295947720331),
-        Felt::new(16451845770444974180),
-        Felt::new(7139138592091306727),
-        Felt::new(9012006439959783127),
-        Felt::new(14619614108529063361),
-        Felt::new(1394813199588124371),
-        Felt::new(4635111139507788575),
-        Felt::new(16217473952264203365),
-        Felt::new(10782018226466330683),
-        Felt::new(6844229992533662050),
-        Felt::new(7446486531695178711),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(3736792340494631448),
-        Felt::new(577852220195055341),
-        Felt::new(6689998335515779805),
-        Felt::new(13886063479078013492),
-        Felt::new(14358505101923202168),
-        Felt::new(7744142531772274164),
-        Felt::new(16135070735728404443),
-        Felt::new(12290902521256031137),
-        Felt::new(12059913662657709804),
-        Felt::new(16456018495793751911),
-        Felt::new(4571485474751953524),
-        Felt::new(17200392109565783176),
-    ],
-    [
-        Felt::new(17130398059294018733),
-        Felt::new(519782857322261988),
-        Felt::new(9625384390925085478),
-        Felt::new(1664893052631119222),
-        Felt::new(7629576092524553570),
-        Felt::new(3485239601103661425),
-        Felt::new(9755891797164033838),
-        Felt::new(15218148195153269027),
-        Felt::new(16460604813734957368),
-        Felt::new(9643968136937729763),
-        Felt::new(3611348709641382851),
-        Felt::new(18256379591337759196),
-    ],
-];

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
-#[cfg_attr(test, macro_use)]
+//#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
+//#[cfg_attr(test, macro_use)]
 extern crate alloc;
 
 pub mod dsa;
@@ -9,11 +9,15 @@ pub mod hash;
 pub mod merkle;
 pub mod rand;
 pub mod utils;
+pub mod gkr;
 
 // RE-EXPORTS
 // ================================================================================================
 
-pub use winter_math::{fields::f64::BaseElement as Felt, FieldElement, StarkField};
+pub use winter_math::{
+    fields::{f64::BaseElement as Felt, CubeExtension, QuadExtension},
+    FieldElement, StarkField,
+};
 
 // TYPE ALIASES
 // ================================================================================================

src/main.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 use clap::Parser;
 use miden_crypto::{
-    hash::rpo::RpoDigest,
-    merkle::MerkleError,
+    hash::rpo::{Rpo256, RpoDigest},
+    merkle::{MerkleError, TieredSmt},
     Felt, Word, ONE,
-    {hash::rpo::Rpo256, merkle::TieredSmt},
 };
 use rand_utils::rand_value;
 use std::time::Instant;

src/merkle/empty_roots.rs

@@ -10,12 +10,19 @@ pub struct EmptySubtreeRoots;
 impl EmptySubtreeRoots {
     /// Returns a static slice with roots of empty subtrees of a Merkle tree starting at the
     /// specified depth.
-    pub const fn empty_hashes(depth: u8) -> &'static [RpoDigest] {
-        let ptr = &EMPTY_SUBTREES[255 - depth as usize] as *const RpoDigest;
+    pub const fn empty_hashes(tree_depth: u8) -> &'static [RpoDigest] {
+        let ptr = &EMPTY_SUBTREES[255 - tree_depth as usize] as *const RpoDigest;
         // Safety: this is a static/constant array, so it will never be outlived. If we attempt to
         // use regular slices, this wouldn't be a `const` function, meaning we won't be able to use
         // the returned value for static/constant definitions.
-        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, depth as usize + 1) }
+        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, tree_depth as usize + 1) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the node's digest for a sub-tree with all its leaves set to the empty word.
+    pub const fn entry(tree_depth: u8, node_depth: u8) -> &'static RpoDigest {
+        assert!(node_depth <= tree_depth);
+        let pos = 255 - tree_depth + node_depth;
+        &EMPTY_SUBTREES[pos as usize]
     }
 }
 
@@ -1583,3 +1590,16 @@ fn all_depths_opens_to_zero() {
             .for_each(|(x, computed)| assert_eq!(x, computed));
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_entry() {
+    // check the leaf is always the empty work
+    for depth in 0..255 {
+        assert_eq!(EmptySubtreeRoots::entry(depth, depth), &RpoDigest::new(EMPTY_WORD));
+    }
+
+    // check the root matches the first element of empty_hashes
+    for depth in 0..255 {
+        assert_eq!(EmptySubtreeRoots::entry(depth, 0), &EmptySubtreeRoots::empty_hashes(depth)[0]);
+    }
+}

src/merkle/error.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ pub enum MerkleError {
     DuplicateValuesForKey(RpoDigest),
     InvalidIndex { depth: u8, value: u64 },
     InvalidDepth { expected: u8, provided: u8 },
+    InvalidSubtreeDepth { subtree_depth: u8, tree_depth: u8 },
     InvalidPath(MerklePath),
-    InvalidNumEntries(usize, usize),
+    InvalidNumEntries(usize),
     NodeNotInSet(NodeIndex),
     NodeNotInStore(RpoDigest, NodeIndex),
     NumLeavesNotPowerOfTwo(usize),
@@ -30,18 +31,21 @@ impl fmt::Display for MerkleError {
             DepthTooBig(depth) => write!(f, "the provided depth {depth} is too big"),
             DuplicateValuesForIndex(key) => write!(f, "multiple values provided for key {key}"),
             DuplicateValuesForKey(key) => write!(f, "multiple values provided for key {key}"),
-            InvalidIndex{ depth, value} => write!(
-                f,
-                "the index value {value} is not valid for the depth {depth}"
-            ),
-            InvalidDepth { expected, provided } => write!(
-                f,
-                "the provided depth {provided} is not valid for {expected}"
-            ),
+            InvalidIndex { depth, value } => {
+                write!(f, "the index value {value} is not valid for the depth {depth}")
+            }
+            InvalidDepth { expected, provided } => {
+                write!(f, "the provided depth {provided} is not valid for {expected}")
+            }
+            InvalidSubtreeDepth { subtree_depth, tree_depth } => {
+                write!(f, "tried inserting a subtree of depth {subtree_depth} into a tree of depth {tree_depth}")
+            }
             InvalidPath(_path) => write!(f, "the provided path is not valid"),
-            InvalidNumEntries(max, provided) => write!(f, "the provided number of entries is {provided}, but the maximum for the given depth is {max}"),
+            InvalidNumEntries(max) => write!(f, "number of entries exceeded the maximum: {max}"),
             NodeNotInSet(index) => write!(f, "the node with index ({index}) is not in the set"),
-            NodeNotInStore(hash, index) => write!(f, "the node {hash:?} with index ({index}) is not in the store"),
+            NodeNotInStore(hash, index) => {
+                write!(f, "the node {hash:?} with index ({index}) is not in the store")
+            }
             NumLeavesNotPowerOfTwo(leaves) => {
                 write!(f, "the leaves count {leaves} is not a power of 2")
             }

src/merkle/index.rs

@@ -187,13 +187,20 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_node_index_value_too_high() {
         assert_eq!(NodeIndex::new(0, 0).unwrap(), NodeIndex { depth: 0, value: 0 });
-        match NodeIndex::new(0, 1) {
-            Err(MerkleError::InvalidIndex { depth, value }) => {
-                assert_eq!(depth, 0);
-                assert_eq!(value, 1);
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+        let err = NodeIndex::new(0, 1).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err, MerkleError::InvalidIndex { depth: 0, value: 1 });
+
+        assert_eq!(NodeIndex::new(1, 1).unwrap(), NodeIndex { depth: 1, value: 1 });
+        let err = NodeIndex::new(1, 2).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err, MerkleError::InvalidIndex { depth: 1, value: 2 });
+
+        assert_eq!(NodeIndex::new(2, 3).unwrap(), NodeIndex { depth: 2, value: 3 });
+        let err = NodeIndex::new(2, 4).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err, MerkleError::InvalidIndex { depth: 2, value: 4 });
+
+        assert_eq!(NodeIndex::new(3, 7).unwrap(), NodeIndex { depth: 3, value: 7 });
+        let err = NodeIndex::new(3, 8).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err, MerkleError::InvalidIndex { depth: 3, value: 8 });
     }
 
     #[test]

src/merkle/mmr/full.rs

@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@
 //! least number of leaves. The structure preserves the invariant that each tree has different
 //! depths, i.e. as part of adding adding a new element to the forest the trees with same depth are
 //! merged, creating a new tree with depth d+1, this process is continued until the property is
-//! restabilished.
+//! reestablished.
 use super::{
-    super::{InnerNodeInfo, MerklePath, RpoDigest, Vec},
+    super::{InnerNodeInfo, MerklePath, Vec},
     bit::TrueBitPositionIterator,
     leaf_to_corresponding_tree, nodes_in_forest, MmrDelta, MmrError, MmrPeaks, MmrProof, Rpo256,
+    RpoDigest,
 };
 
 // MMR
@@ -76,13 +77,13 @@ impl Mmr {
     /// Note: The leaf position is the 0-indexed number corresponding to the order the leaves were
     /// added, this corresponds to the MMR size _prior_ to adding the element. So the 1st element
     /// has position 0, the second position 1, and so on.
-    pub fn open(&self, pos: usize) -> Result<MmrProof, MmrError> {
+    pub fn open(&self, pos: usize, target_forest: usize) -> Result<MmrProof, MmrError> {
         // find the target tree responsible for the MMR position
         let tree_bit =
-            leaf_to_corresponding_tree(pos, self.forest).ok_or(MmrError::InvalidPosition(pos))?;
+            leaf_to_corresponding_tree(pos, target_forest).ok_or(MmrError::InvalidPosition(pos))?;
 
         // isolate the trees before the target
-        let forest_before = self.forest & high_bitmask(tree_bit + 1);
+        let forest_before = target_forest & high_bitmask(tree_bit + 1);
         let index_offset = nodes_in_forest(forest_before);
 
         // update the value position from global to the target tree
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ impl Mmr {
         let (_, path) = self.collect_merkle_path_and_value(tree_bit, relative_pos, index_offset);
 
         Ok(MmrProof {
-            forest: self.forest,
+            forest: target_forest,
             position: pos,
             merkle_path: MerklePath::new(path),
         })
@@ -143,9 +144,13 @@ impl Mmr {
         self.forest += 1;
     }
 
-    /// Returns an accumulator representing the current state of the MMR.
-    pub fn accumulator(&self) -> MmrPeaks {
-        let peaks: Vec<RpoDigest> = TrueBitPositionIterator::new(self.forest)
+    /// Returns an peaks of the MMR for the version specified by `forest`.
+    pub fn peaks(&self, forest: usize) -> Result<MmrPeaks, MmrError> {
+        if forest > self.forest {
+            return Err(MmrError::InvalidPeaks);
+        }
+
+        let peaks: Vec<RpoDigest> = TrueBitPositionIterator::new(forest)
             .rev()
             .map(|bit| nodes_in_forest(1 << bit))
             .scan(0, |offset, el| {
@@ -156,39 +161,41 @@ impl Mmr {
             .collect();
 
         // Safety: the invariant is maintained by the [Mmr]
-        MmrPeaks::new(self.forest, peaks).unwrap()
+        let peaks = MmrPeaks::new(forest, peaks).unwrap();
+
+        Ok(peaks)
     }
 
     /// Compute the required update to `original_forest`.
     ///
     /// The result is a packed sequence of the authentication elements required to update the trees
     /// that have been merged together, followed by the new peaks of the [Mmr].
-    pub fn get_delta(&self, original_forest: usize) -> Result<MmrDelta, MmrError> {
-        if original_forest > self.forest {
+    pub fn get_delta(&self, from_forest: usize, to_forest: usize) -> Result<MmrDelta, MmrError> {
+        if to_forest > self.forest || from_forest > to_forest {
             return Err(MmrError::InvalidPeaks);
         }
 
-        if original_forest == self.forest {
-            return Ok(MmrDelta { forest: self.forest, data: Vec::new() });
+        if from_forest == to_forest {
+            return Ok(MmrDelta { forest: to_forest, data: Vec::new() });
         }
 
         let mut result = Vec::new();
 
-        // Find the largest tree in this [Mmr] which is new to `original_forest`.
-        let candidate_trees = self.forest ^ original_forest;
+        // Find the largest tree in this [Mmr] which is new to `from_forest`.
+        let candidate_trees = to_forest ^ from_forest;
         let mut new_high = 1 << candidate_trees.ilog2();
 
         // Collect authentication nodes used for tree merges
         // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-        // Find the trees from `original_forest` that have been merged into `new_high`.
-        let mut merges = original_forest & (new_high - 1);
+        // Find the trees from `from_forest` that have been merged into `new_high`.
+        let mut merges = from_forest & (new_high - 1);
 
-        // Find the peaks that are common to `original_forest` and this [Mmr]
-        let common_trees = original_forest ^ merges;
+        // Find the peaks that are common to `from_forest` and this [Mmr]
+        let common_trees = from_forest ^ merges;
 
         if merges != 0 {
-            // Skip the smallest trees unknown to `original_forest`.
+            // Skip the smallest trees unknown to `from_forest`.
             let mut target = 1 << merges.trailing_zeros();
 
             // Collect siblings required to computed the merged tree's peak
@@ -213,15 +220,15 @@ impl Mmr {
             }
         } else {
             // The new high tree may not be the result of any merges, if it is smaller than all the
-            // trees of `original_forest`.
+            // trees of `from_forest`.
             new_high = 0;
         }
 
         // Collect the new [Mmr] peaks
         // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-        let mut new_peaks = self.forest ^ common_trees ^ new_high;
-        let old_peaks = self.forest ^ new_peaks;
+        let mut new_peaks = to_forest ^ common_trees ^ new_high;
+        let old_peaks = to_forest ^ new_peaks;
         let mut offset = nodes_in_forest(old_peaks);
         while new_peaks != 0 {
             let target = 1 << new_peaks.ilog2();
@@ -230,7 +237,7 @@ impl Mmr {
             new_peaks ^= target;
         }
 
-        Ok(MmrDelta { forest: self.forest, data: result })
+        Ok(MmrDelta { forest: to_forest, data: result })
     }
 
     /// An iterator over inner nodes in the MMR. The order of iteration is unspecified.

src/merkle/mmr/inorder.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
 //! leaves count.
 use core::num::NonZeroUsize;
 
+// IN-ORDER INDEX
+// ================================================================================================
+
 /// Index of nodes in a perfectly balanced binary tree based on an in-order tree walk.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct InOrderIndex {
@@ -13,15 +16,17 @@ pub struct InOrderIndex {
 }
 
 impl InOrderIndex {
-    /// Constructor for a new [InOrderIndex].
+    // CONSTRUCTORS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns a new [InOrderIndex] instantiated from the provided value.
     pub fn new(idx: NonZeroUsize) -> InOrderIndex {
         InOrderIndex { idx: idx.get() }
     }
 
-    /// Constructs an index from a leaf position.
-    ///
-    /// Panics:
+    /// Return a new [InOrderIndex] instantiated from the specified leaf position.
     ///
+    /// # Panics:
     /// If `leaf` is higher than or equal to `usize::MAX / 2`.
     pub fn from_leaf_pos(leaf: usize) -> InOrderIndex {
         // Convert the position from 0-indexed to 1-indexed, since the bit manipulation in this
@@ -30,6 +35,9 @@ impl InOrderIndex {
         InOrderIndex { idx: pos * 2 - 1 }
     }
 
+    // PUBLIC ACCESSORS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
     /// True if the index is pointing at a leaf.
     ///
     /// Every odd number represents a leaf.
@@ -37,6 +45,11 @@ impl InOrderIndex {
         self.idx & 1 == 1
     }
 
+    /// Returns true if this note is a left child of its parent.
+    pub fn is_left_child(&self) -> bool {
+        self.parent().left_child() == *self
+    }
+
     /// Returns the level of the index.
     ///
     /// Starts at level zero for leaves and increases by one for each parent.
@@ -46,8 +59,7 @@ impl InOrderIndex {
 
     /// Returns the index of the left child.
     ///
-    /// Panics:
-    ///
+    /// # Panics:
     /// If the index corresponds to a leaf.
     pub fn left_child(&self) -> InOrderIndex {
         // The left child is itself a parent, with an index that splits its left/right subtrees. To
@@ -59,8 +71,7 @@ impl InOrderIndex {
 
     /// Returns the index of the right child.
     ///
-    /// Panics:
-    ///
+    /// # Panics:
     /// If the index corresponds to a leaf.
     pub fn right_child(&self) -> InOrderIndex {
         // To compute the index of the parent of the right subtree it is sufficient to add the size
@@ -94,8 +105,25 @@ impl InOrderIndex {
             parent.right_child()
         }
     }
+
+    /// Returns the inner value of this [InOrderIndex].
+    pub fn inner(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.idx as u64
+    }
 }
 
+// CONVERSIONS FROM IN-ORDER INDEX
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl From<InOrderIndex> for u64 {
+    fn from(index: InOrderIndex) -> Self {
+        index.idx as u64
+    }
+}
+
+// TESTS
+// ================================================================================================
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::InOrderIndex;

src/merkle/mmr/mod.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ mod proof;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 
-use super::{Felt, Rpo256, Word};
+use super::{Felt, Rpo256, RpoDigest, Word};
 
 // REEXPORTS
 // ================================================================================================
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ const fn leaf_to_corresponding_tree(pos: usize, forest: usize) -> Option<u32> {
         // - each bit in the forest is a unique tree and the bit position its power-of-two size
         // - each tree owns a consecutive range of positions equal to its size from left-to-right
         // - this means the first tree owns from `0` up to the `2^k_0` first positions, where `k_0`
-        // is the highest true bit position, the second tree from `2^k_0 + 1` up to `2^k_1` where
-        // `k_1` is the second highest bit, so on.
+        //   is the highest true bit position, the second tree from `2^k_0 + 1` up to `2^k_1` where
+        //   `k_1` is the second highest bit, so on.
         // - this means the highest bits work as a category marker, and the position is owned by
-        // the first tree which doesn't share a high bit with the position
+        //   the first tree which doesn't share a high bit with the position
         let before = forest & pos;
         let after = forest ^ before;
         let tree = after.ilog2();

src/merkle/mmr/partial.rs

@@ -1,57 +1,60 @@
+use super::{MmrDelta, MmrProof, Rpo256, RpoDigest};
 use crate::{
-    hash::rpo::{Rpo256, RpoDigest},
     merkle::{
         mmr::{leaf_to_corresponding_tree, nodes_in_forest},
-        InOrderIndex, MerklePath, MmrError, MmrPeaks,
+        InOrderIndex, InnerNodeInfo, MerklePath, MmrError, MmrPeaks,
+    },
+    utils::{
+        collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, Vec},
+        vec,
     },
-    utils::collections::{BTreeMap, Vec},
 };
 
-use super::{MmrDelta, MmrProof};
-
-/// Partially materialized [Mmr], used to efficiently store and update the authentication paths for
-/// a subset of the elements in a full [Mmr].
+// PARTIAL MERKLE MOUNTAIN RANGE
+// ================================================================================================
+/// Partially materialized Merkle Mountain Range (MMR), used to efficiently store and update the
+/// authentication paths for a subset of the elements in a full MMR.
 ///
 /// This structure store only the authentication path for a value, the value itself is stored
 /// separately.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct PartialMmr {
-    /// The version of the [Mmr].
+    /// The version of the MMR.
     ///
     /// This value serves the following purposes:
     ///
-    /// - The forest is a counter for the total number of elements in the [Mmr].
-    /// - Since the [Mmr] is an append-only structure, every change to it causes a change to the
+    /// - The forest is a counter for the total number of elements in the MMR.
+    /// - Since the MMR is an append-only structure, every change to it causes a change to the
     ///   `forest`, so this value has a dual purpose as a version tag.
     /// - The bits in the forest also corresponds to the count and size of every perfect binary
-    ///   tree that composes the [Mmr] structure, which server to compute indexes and perform
+    ///   tree that composes the MMR structure, which server to compute indexes and perform
     ///   validation.
     pub(crate) forest: usize,
 
-    /// The [Mmr] peaks.
+    /// The MMR peaks.
     ///
     /// The peaks are used for two reasons:
     ///
     /// 1. It authenticates the addition of an element to the [PartialMmr], ensuring only valid
     ///    elements are tracked.
-    /// 2. During a [Mmr] update peaks can be merged by hashing the left and right hand sides. The
+    /// 2. During a MMR update peaks can be merged by hashing the left and right hand sides. The
     ///    peaks are used as the left hand.
     ///
-    /// All the peaks of every tree in the [Mmr] forest. The peaks are always ordered by number of
+    /// All the peaks of every tree in the MMR forest. The peaks are always ordered by number of
     /// leaves, starting from the peak with most children, to the one with least.
     pub(crate) peaks: Vec<RpoDigest>,
 
-    /// Authentication nodes used to construct merkle paths for a subset of the [Mmr]'s leaves.
+    /// Authentication nodes used to construct merkle paths for a subset of the MMR's leaves.
     ///
-    /// This does not include the [Mmr]'s peaks nor the tracked nodes, only the elements required
+    /// This does not include the MMR's peaks nor the tracked nodes, only the elements required
     /// to construct their authentication paths. This property is used to detect when elements can
     /// be safely removed from, because they are no longer required to authenticate any element in
     /// the [PartialMmr].
     ///
-    /// The elements in the [Mmr] are referenced using a in-order tree index. This indexing scheme
+    /// The elements in the MMR are referenced using a in-order tree index. This indexing scheme
     /// permits for easy computation of the relative nodes (left/right children, sibling, parent),
     /// which is useful for traversal. The indexing is also stable, meaning that merges to the
-    /// trees in the [Mmr] can be represented without rewrites of the indexes.
+    /// trees in the MMR can be represented without rewrites of the indexes.
     pub(crate) nodes: BTreeMap<InOrderIndex, RpoDigest>,
 
     /// Flag indicating if the odd element should be tracked.
@@ -66,33 +69,42 @@ impl PartialMmr {
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     /// Constructs a [PartialMmr] from the given [MmrPeaks].
-    pub fn from_peaks(accumulator: MmrPeaks) -> Self {
-        let forest = accumulator.num_leaves();
-        let peaks = accumulator.peaks().to_vec();
+    pub fn from_peaks(peaks: MmrPeaks) -> Self {
+        let forest = peaks.num_leaves();
+        let peaks = peaks.peaks().to_vec();
         let nodes = BTreeMap::new();
         let track_latest = false;
 
         Self { forest, peaks, nodes, track_latest }
     }
 
-    // ACCESSORS
+    // PUBLIC ACCESSORS
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    // Gets the current `forest`.
-    //
-    // This value corresponds to the version of the [PartialMmr] and the number of leaves in it.
+    /// Returns the current `forest` of this [PartialMmr].
+    ///
+    /// This value corresponds to the version of the [PartialMmr] and the number of leaves in the
+    /// underlying MMR.
     pub fn forest(&self) -> usize {
         self.forest
     }
 
-    // Returns a reference to the current peaks in the [PartialMmr]
-    pub fn peaks(&self) -> &[RpoDigest] {
-        &self.peaks
+    /// Returns the number of leaves in the underlying MMR for this [PartialMmr].
+    pub fn num_leaves(&self) -> usize {
+        self.forest
     }
 
-    /// Given a leaf position, returns the Merkle path to its corresponding peak. If the position
-    /// is greater-or-equal than the tree size an error is returned. If the requested value is not
-    /// tracked returns `None`.
+    /// Returns the peaks of the MMR for this [PartialMmr].
+    pub fn peaks(&self) -> MmrPeaks {
+        // expect() is OK here because the constructor ensures that MMR peaks can be constructed
+        // correctly
+        MmrPeaks::new(self.forest, self.peaks.clone()).expect("invalid MMR peaks")
+    }
+
+    /// Given a leaf position, returns the Merkle path to its corresponding peak.
+    ///
+    /// If the position is greater-or-equal than the tree size an error is returned. If the
+    /// requested value is not tracked returns `None`.
     ///
     /// Note: The leaf position is the 0-indexed number corresponding to the order the leaves were
     /// added, this corresponds to the MMR size _prior_ to adding the element. So the 1st element
@@ -125,14 +137,45 @@ impl PartialMmr {
         }
     }
 
-    // MODIFIERS
+    // ITERATORS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns an iterator nodes of all authentication paths of this [PartialMmr].
+    pub fn nodes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&InOrderIndex, &RpoDigest)> {
+        self.nodes.iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over inner nodes of this [PartialMmr] for the specified leaves.
+    ///
+    /// The order of iteration is not defined. If a leaf is not presented in this partial MMR it
+    /// is silently ignored.
+    pub fn inner_nodes<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a (usize, RpoDigest)> + 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        mut leaves: I,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = InnerNodeInfo> + '_ {
+        let stack = if let Some((pos, leaf)) = leaves.next() {
+            let idx = InOrderIndex::from_leaf_pos(*pos);
+            vec![(idx, *leaf)]
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+
+        InnerNodeIterator {
+            nodes: &self.nodes,
+            leaves,
+            stack,
+            seen_nodes: BTreeSet::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // STATE MUTATORS
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     /// Add the authentication path represented by [MerklePath] if it is valid.
     ///
-    /// The `index` refers to the global position of the leaf in the [Mmr], these are 0-indexed
-    /// values assigned in a strictly monotonic fashion as elements are inserted into the [Mmr],
-    /// this value corresponds to the values used in the [Mmr] structure.
+    /// The `index` refers to the global position of the leaf in the MMR, these are 0-indexed
+    /// values assigned in a strictly monotonic fashion as elements are inserted into the MMR,
+    /// this value corresponds to the values used in the MMR structure.
     ///
     /// The `node` corresponds to the value at `index`, and `path` is the authentication path for
     /// that element up to its corresponding Mmr peak. The `node` is only used to compute the root
@@ -185,7 +228,7 @@ impl PartialMmr {
 
     /// Remove a leaf of the [PartialMmr] and the unused nodes from the authentication path.
     ///
-    /// Note: `leaf_pos` corresponds to the position the [Mmr] and not on an individual tree.
+    /// Note: `leaf_pos` corresponds to the position in the MMR and not on an individual tree.
     pub fn remove(&mut self, leaf_pos: usize) {
         let mut idx = InOrderIndex::from_leaf_pos(leaf_pos);
 
@@ -202,18 +245,21 @@ impl PartialMmr {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Applies updates to the [PartialMmr].
-    pub fn apply(&mut self, delta: MmrDelta) -> Result<(), MmrError> {
+    /// Applies updates to this [PartialMmr] and returns a vector of new authentication nodes
+    /// inserted into the partial MMR.
+    pub fn apply(&mut self, delta: MmrDelta) -> Result<Vec<(InOrderIndex, RpoDigest)>, MmrError> {
         if delta.forest < self.forest {
             return Err(MmrError::InvalidPeaks);
         }
 
+        let mut inserted_nodes = Vec::new();
+
         if delta.forest == self.forest {
             if !delta.data.is_empty() {
                 return Err(MmrError::InvalidUpdate);
             }
 
-            return Ok(());
+            return Ok(inserted_nodes);
         }
 
         // find the tree merges
@@ -268,16 +314,21 @@ impl PartialMmr {
                 // check if either the left or right subtrees have saved for authentication paths.
                 // If so, turn tracking on to update those paths.
                 if target != 1 && !track {
-                    let left_child = peak_idx.left_child();
-                    let right_child = peak_idx.right_child();
-                    track = self.nodes.contains_key(&left_child)
-                        | self.nodes.contains_key(&right_child);
+                    track = self.is_tracked_node(&peak_idx);
                 }
 
                 // update data only contains the nodes from the right subtrees, left nodes are
                 // either previously known peaks or computed values
                 let (left, right) = if target & merges != 0 {
                     let peak = self.peaks[peak_count];
+                    let sibling_idx = peak_idx.sibling();
+
+                    // if the sibling peak is tracked, add this peaks to the set of
+                    // authentication nodes
+                    if self.is_tracked_node(&sibling_idx) {
+                        self.nodes.insert(peak_idx, new);
+                        inserted_nodes.push((peak_idx, new));
+                    }
                     peak_count += 1;
                     (peak, new)
                 } else {
@@ -287,7 +338,14 @@ impl PartialMmr {
                 };
 
                 if track {
-                    self.nodes.insert(peak_idx.sibling(), right);
+                    let sibling_idx = peak_idx.sibling();
+                    if peak_idx.is_left_child() {
+                        self.nodes.insert(sibling_idx, right);
+                        inserted_nodes.push((sibling_idx, right));
+                    } else {
+                        self.nodes.insert(sibling_idx, left);
+                        inserted_nodes.push((sibling_idx, left));
+                    }
                 }
 
                 peak_idx = peak_idx.parent();
@@ -313,7 +371,22 @@ impl PartialMmr {
 
         debug_assert!(self.peaks.len() == (self.forest.count_ones() as usize));
 
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(inserted_nodes)
+    }
+
+    // HELPER METHODS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns true if this [PartialMmr] tracks authentication path for the node at the specified
+    /// index.
+    fn is_tracked_node(&self, node_index: &InOrderIndex) -> bool {
+        if node_index.is_leaf() {
+            self.nodes.contains_key(&node_index.sibling())
+        } else {
+            let left_child = node_index.left_child();
+            let right_child = node_index.right_child();
+            self.nodes.contains_key(&left_child) | self.nodes.contains_key(&right_child)
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -348,12 +421,59 @@ impl From<&PartialMmr> for MmrPeaks {
     }
 }
 
+// ITERATORS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+/// An iterator over every inner node of the [PartialMmr].
+pub struct InnerNodeIterator<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a (usize, RpoDigest)>> {
+    nodes: &'a BTreeMap<InOrderIndex, RpoDigest>,
+    leaves: I,
+    stack: Vec<(InOrderIndex, RpoDigest)>,
+    seen_nodes: BTreeSet<InOrderIndex>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a (usize, RpoDigest)>> Iterator for InnerNodeIterator<'a, I> {
+    type Item = InnerNodeInfo;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        while let Some((idx, node)) = self.stack.pop() {
+            let parent_idx = idx.parent();
+            let new_node = self.seen_nodes.insert(parent_idx);
+
+            // if we haven't seen this node's parent before, and the node has a sibling, return
+            // the inner node defined by the parent of this node, and move up the branch
+            if new_node {
+                if let Some(sibling) = self.nodes.get(&idx.sibling()) {
+                    let (left, right) = if parent_idx.left_child() == idx {
+                        (node, *sibling)
+                    } else {
+                        (*sibling, node)
+                    };
+                    let parent = Rpo256::merge(&[left, right]);
+                    let inner_node = InnerNodeInfo { value: parent, left, right };
+
+                    self.stack.push((parent_idx, parent));
+                    return Some(inner_node);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // the previous leaf has been processed, try to process the next leaf
+            if let Some((pos, leaf)) = self.leaves.next() {
+                let idx = InOrderIndex::from_leaf_pos(*pos);
+                self.stack.push((idx, *leaf));
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 // UTILS
 // ================================================================================================
 
 /// Given the description of a `forest`, returns the index of the root element of the smallest tree
 /// in it.
-pub fn forest_to_root_index(forest: usize) -> InOrderIndex {
+fn forest_to_root_index(forest: usize) -> InOrderIndex {
     // Count total size of all trees in the forest.
     let nodes = nodes_in_forest(forest);
 
@@ -370,10 +490,23 @@ pub fn forest_to_root_index(forest: usize) -> InOrderIndex {
     InOrderIndex::new(idx.try_into().unwrap())
 }
 
+// TESTS
+// ================================================================================================
+
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use super::forest_to_root_index;
-    use crate::merkle::InOrderIndex;
+mod tests {
+    use super::{forest_to_root_index, BTreeSet, InOrderIndex, PartialMmr, RpoDigest, Vec};
+    use crate::merkle::{int_to_node, MerkleStore, Mmr, NodeIndex};
+
+    const LEAVES: [RpoDigest; 7] = [
+        int_to_node(0),
+        int_to_node(1),
+        int_to_node(2),
+        int_to_node(3),
+        int_to_node(4),
+        int_to_node(5),
+        int_to_node(6),
+    ];
 
     #[test]
     fn test_forest_to_root_index() {
@@ -400,4 +533,171 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(forest_to_root_index(0b1100), idx(20));
         assert_eq!(forest_to_root_index(0b1110), idx(26));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_partial_mmr_apply_delta() {
+        // build an MMR with 10 nodes (2 peaks) and a partial MMR based on it
+        let mut mmr = Mmr::default();
+        (0..10).for_each(|i| mmr.add(int_to_node(i)));
+        let mut partial_mmr: PartialMmr = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().into();
+
+        // add authentication path for position 1 and 8
+        {
+            let node = mmr.get(1).unwrap();
+            let proof = mmr.open(1, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+            partial_mmr.add(1, node, &proof.merkle_path).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        {
+            let node = mmr.get(8).unwrap();
+            let proof = mmr.open(8, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+            partial_mmr.add(8, node, &proof.merkle_path).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // add 2 more nodes into the MMR and validate apply_delta()
+        (10..12).for_each(|i| mmr.add(int_to_node(i)));
+        validate_apply_delta(&mmr, &mut partial_mmr);
+
+        // add 1 more node to the MMR, validate apply_delta() and start tracking the node
+        mmr.add(int_to_node(12));
+        validate_apply_delta(&mmr, &mut partial_mmr);
+        {
+            let node = mmr.get(12).unwrap();
+            let proof = mmr.open(12, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+            partial_mmr.add(12, node, &proof.merkle_path).unwrap();
+            assert!(partial_mmr.track_latest);
+        }
+
+        // by this point we are tracking authentication paths for positions: 1, 8, and 12
+
+        // add 3 more nodes to the MMR (collapses to 1 peak) and validate apply_delta()
+        (13..16).for_each(|i| mmr.add(int_to_node(i)));
+        validate_apply_delta(&mmr, &mut partial_mmr);
+    }
+
+    fn validate_apply_delta(mmr: &Mmr, partial: &mut PartialMmr) {
+        let tracked_leaves = partial
+            .nodes
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(index, _)| if index.is_leaf() { Some(index.sibling()) } else { None })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let nodes_before = partial.nodes.clone();
+
+        // compute and apply delta
+        let delta = mmr.get_delta(partial.forest(), mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+        let nodes_delta = partial.apply(delta).unwrap();
+
+        // new peaks were computed correctly
+        assert_eq!(mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap(), partial.peaks());
+
+        let mut expected_nodes = nodes_before;
+        for (key, value) in nodes_delta {
+            // nodes should not be duplicated
+            assert!(expected_nodes.insert(key, value).is_none());
+        }
+
+        // new nodes should be a combination of original nodes and delta
+        assert_eq!(expected_nodes, partial.nodes);
+
+        // make sure tracked leaves open to the same proofs as in the underlying MMR
+        for index in tracked_leaves {
+            let index_value: u64 = index.into();
+            let pos = index_value / 2;
+            let proof1 = partial.open(pos as usize).unwrap().unwrap();
+            let proof2 = mmr.open(pos as usize, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(proof1, proof2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_partial_mmr_inner_nodes_iterator() {
+        // build the MMR
+        let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
+        let first_peak = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest).unwrap().peaks()[0];
+
+        // -- test single tree ----------------------------
+
+        // get path and node for position 1
+        let node1 = mmr.get(1).unwrap();
+        let proof1 = mmr.open(1, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+
+        // create partial MMR and add authentication path to node at position 1
+        let mut partial_mmr: PartialMmr = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().into();
+        partial_mmr.add(1, node1, &proof1.merkle_path).unwrap();
+
+        // empty iterator should have no nodes
+        assert_eq!(partial_mmr.inner_nodes([].iter()).next(), None);
+
+        // build Merkle store from authentication paths in partial MMR
+        let mut store: MerkleStore = MerkleStore::new();
+        store.extend(partial_mmr.inner_nodes([(1, node1)].iter()));
+
+        let index1 = NodeIndex::new(2, 1).unwrap();
+        let path1 = store.get_path(first_peak, index1).unwrap().path;
+
+        assert_eq!(path1, proof1.merkle_path);
+
+        // -- test no duplicates --------------------------
+
+        // build the partial MMR
+        let mut partial_mmr: PartialMmr = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().into();
+
+        let node0 = mmr.get(0).unwrap();
+        let proof0 = mmr.open(0, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+
+        let node2 = mmr.get(2).unwrap();
+        let proof2 = mmr.open(2, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+
+        partial_mmr.add(0, node0, &proof0.merkle_path).unwrap();
+        partial_mmr.add(1, node1, &proof1.merkle_path).unwrap();
+        partial_mmr.add(2, node2, &proof2.merkle_path).unwrap();
+
+        // make sure there are no duplicates
+        let leaves = [(0, node0), (1, node1), (2, node2)];
+        let mut nodes = BTreeSet::new();
+        for node in partial_mmr.inner_nodes(leaves.iter()) {
+            assert!(nodes.insert(node.value));
+        }
+
+        // and also that the store is still be built correctly
+        store.extend(partial_mmr.inner_nodes(leaves.iter()));
+
+        let index0 = NodeIndex::new(2, 0).unwrap();
+        let index1 = NodeIndex::new(2, 1).unwrap();
+        let index2 = NodeIndex::new(2, 2).unwrap();
+
+        let path0 = store.get_path(first_peak, index0).unwrap().path;
+        let path1 = store.get_path(first_peak, index1).unwrap().path;
+        let path2 = store.get_path(first_peak, index2).unwrap().path;
+
+        assert_eq!(path0, proof0.merkle_path);
+        assert_eq!(path1, proof1.merkle_path);
+        assert_eq!(path2, proof2.merkle_path);
+
+        // -- test multiple trees -------------------------
+
+        // build the partial MMR
+        let mut partial_mmr: PartialMmr = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().into();
+
+        let node5 = mmr.get(5).unwrap();
+        let proof5 = mmr.open(5, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+
+        partial_mmr.add(1, node1, &proof1.merkle_path).unwrap();
+        partial_mmr.add(5, node5, &proof5.merkle_path).unwrap();
+
+        // build Merkle store from authentication paths in partial MMR
+        let mut store: MerkleStore = MerkleStore::new();
+        store.extend(partial_mmr.inner_nodes([(1, node1), (5, node5)].iter()));
+
+        let index1 = NodeIndex::new(2, 1).unwrap();
+        let index5 = NodeIndex::new(1, 1).unwrap();
+
+        let second_peak = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest).unwrap().peaks()[1];
+
+        let path1 = store.get_path(first_peak, index1).unwrap().path;
+        let path5 = store.get_path(second_peak, index5).unwrap().path;
+
+        assert_eq!(path1, proof1.merkle_path);
+        assert_eq!(path5, proof5.merkle_path);
+    }
 }

src/merkle/mmr/peaks.rs

@@ -3,17 +3,20 @@ use super::{
     Felt, MmrError, MmrProof, Rpo256, Word,
 };
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+// MMR PEAKS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize))]
 pub struct MmrPeaks {
-    /// The number of leaves is used to differentiate accumulators that have the same number of
-    /// peaks. This happens because the number of peaks goes up-and-down as the structure is used
-    /// causing existing trees to be merged and new ones to be created. As an example, every time
-    /// the [Mmr] has a power-of-two number of leaves there is a single peak.
+    /// The number of leaves is used to differentiate MMRs that have the same number of peaks. This
+    /// happens because the number of peaks goes up-and-down as the structure is used causing
+    /// existing trees to be merged and new ones to be created. As an example, every time the MMR
+    /// has a power-of-two number of leaves there is a single peak.
     ///
-    /// Every tree in the [Mmr] forest has a distinct power-of-two size, this means only the right
-    /// most tree can have an odd number of elements (e.g. `1`). Additionally this means that the bits in
-    /// `num_leaves` conveniently encode the size of each individual tree.
+    /// Every tree in the MMR forest has a distinct power-of-two size, this means only the right-
+    /// most tree can have an odd number of elements (e.g. `1`). Additionally this means that the
+    /// bits in `num_leaves` conveniently encode the size of each individual tree.
     ///
     /// Examples:
     ///
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct MmrPeaks {
     ///      leftmost tree has `2**3=8` elements, and the right most has `2**2=4` elements.
     num_leaves: usize,
 
-    /// All the peaks of every tree in the [Mmr] forest. The peaks are always ordered by number of
+    /// All the peaks of every tree in the MMR forest. The peaks are always ordered by number of
     /// leaves, starting from the peak with most children, to the one with least.
     ///
     /// Invariant: The length of `peaks` must be equal to the number of true bits in `num_leaves`.
@@ -33,6 +36,14 @@ pub struct MmrPeaks {
 }
 
 impl MmrPeaks {
+    // CONSTRUCTOR
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Returns new [MmrPeaks] instantiated from the provided vector of peaks and the number of
+    /// leaves in the underlying MMR.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns an error if the number of leaves and the number of peaks are inconsistent.
     pub fn new(num_leaves: usize, peaks: Vec<RpoDigest>) -> Result<Self, MmrError> {
         if num_leaves.count_ones() as usize != peaks.len() {
             return Err(MmrError::InvalidPeaks);
@@ -44,23 +55,34 @@ impl MmrPeaks {
     // ACCESSORS
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    /// Returns a count of the [Mmr]'s leaves.
+    /// Returns a count of leaves in the underlying MMR.
     pub fn num_leaves(&self) -> usize {
         self.num_leaves
     }
 
-    /// Returns the current peaks of the [Mmr].
+    /// Returns the number of peaks of the underlying MMR.
+    pub fn num_peaks(&self) -> usize {
+        self.peaks.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the list of peaks of the underlying MMR.
     pub fn peaks(&self) -> &[RpoDigest] {
         &self.peaks
     }
 
+    /// Converts this [MmrPeaks] into its components: number of leaves and a vector of peaks of
+    /// the underlying MMR.
+    pub fn into_parts(self) -> (usize, Vec<RpoDigest>) {
+        (self.num_leaves, self.peaks)
+    }
+
     /// Hashes the peaks.
     ///
     /// The procedure will:
     /// - Flatten and pad the peaks to a vector of Felts.
     /// - Hash the vector of Felts.
-    pub fn hash_peaks(&self) -> Word {
-        Rpo256::hash_elements(&self.flatten_and_pad_peaks()).into()
+    pub fn hash_peaks(&self) -> RpoDigest {
+        Rpo256::hash_elements(&self.flatten_and_pad_peaks())
     }
 
     pub fn verify(&self, value: RpoDigest, opening: MmrProof) -> bool {

src/merkle/mmr/tests.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use super::{
-    super::{InnerNodeInfo, Vec},
+    super::{InnerNodeInfo, Rpo256, RpoDigest, Vec},
     bit::TrueBitPositionIterator,
     full::high_bitmask,
-    leaf_to_corresponding_tree, nodes_in_forest, Mmr, MmrPeaks, PartialMmr, Rpo256,
+    leaf_to_corresponding_tree, nodes_in_forest, Mmr, MmrPeaks, PartialMmr,
 };
 use crate::{
-    hash::rpo::RpoDigest,
     merkle::{int_to_node, InOrderIndex, MerklePath, MerkleTree, MmrProof, NodeIndex},
     Felt, Word,
 };
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ fn test_mmr_simple() {
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.len(), 1);
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.as_slice(), &postorder[0..mmr.nodes.len()]);
 
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), 1);
     assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[postorder[0]]);
 
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ fn test_mmr_simple() {
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.len(), 3);
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.as_slice(), &postorder[0..mmr.nodes.len()]);
 
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), 2);
     assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[postorder[2]]);
 
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ fn test_mmr_simple() {
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.len(), 4);
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.as_slice(), &postorder[0..mmr.nodes.len()]);
 
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), 3);
     assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[postorder[2], postorder[3]]);
 
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ fn test_mmr_simple() {
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.len(), 7);
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.as_slice(), &postorder[0..mmr.nodes.len()]);
 
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), 4);
     assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[postorder[6]]);
 
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ fn test_mmr_simple() {
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.len(), 8);
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.as_slice(), &postorder[0..mmr.nodes.len()]);
 
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), 5);
     assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[postorder[6], postorder[7]]);
 
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ fn test_mmr_simple() {
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.len(), 10);
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.as_slice(), &postorder[0..mmr.nodes.len()]);
 
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), 6);
     assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[postorder[6], postorder[9]]);
 
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ fn test_mmr_simple() {
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.len(), 11);
     assert_eq!(mmr.nodes.as_slice(), &postorder[0..mmr.nodes.len()]);
 
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), 7);
     assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[postorder[6], postorder[9], postorder[10]]);
 }
@@ -203,96 +202,139 @@ fn test_mmr_open() {
     let h23 = merge(LEAVES[2], LEAVES[3]);
 
     // node at pos 7 is the root
-    assert!(mmr.open(7).is_err(), "Element 7 is not in the tree, result should be None");
+    assert!(
+        mmr.open(7, mmr.forest()).is_err(),
+        "Element 7 is not in the tree, result should be None"
+    );
 
     // node at pos 6 is the root
     let empty: MerklePath = MerklePath::new(vec![]);
     let opening = mmr
-        .open(6)
+        .open(6, mmr.forest())
         .expect("Element 6 is contained in the tree, expected an opening result.");
     assert_eq!(opening.merkle_path, empty);
     assert_eq!(opening.forest, mmr.forest);
     assert_eq!(opening.position, 6);
     assert!(
-        mmr.accumulator().verify(LEAVES[6], opening),
+        mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().verify(LEAVES[6], opening),
         "MmrProof should be valid for the current accumulator."
     );
 
     // nodes 4,5 are depth 1
     let root_to_path = MerklePath::new(vec![LEAVES[4]]);
     let opening = mmr
-        .open(5)
+        .open(5, mmr.forest())
         .expect("Element 5 is contained in the tree, expected an opening result.");
     assert_eq!(opening.merkle_path, root_to_path);
     assert_eq!(opening.forest, mmr.forest);
     assert_eq!(opening.position, 5);
     assert!(
-        mmr.accumulator().verify(LEAVES[5], opening),
+        mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().verify(LEAVES[5], opening),
         "MmrProof should be valid for the current accumulator."
     );
 
     let root_to_path = MerklePath::new(vec![LEAVES[5]]);
     let opening = mmr
-        .open(4)
+        .open(4, mmr.forest())
         .expect("Element 4 is contained in the tree, expected an opening result.");
     assert_eq!(opening.merkle_path, root_to_path);
     assert_eq!(opening.forest, mmr.forest);
     assert_eq!(opening.position, 4);
     assert!(
-        mmr.accumulator().verify(LEAVES[4], opening),
+        mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().verify(LEAVES[4], opening),
         "MmrProof should be valid for the current accumulator."
     );
 
     // nodes 0,1,2,3 are detph 2
     let root_to_path = MerklePath::new(vec![LEAVES[2], h01]);
     let opening = mmr
-        .open(3)
+        .open(3, mmr.forest())
         .expect("Element 3 is contained in the tree, expected an opening result.");
     assert_eq!(opening.merkle_path, root_to_path);
     assert_eq!(opening.forest, mmr.forest);
     assert_eq!(opening.position, 3);
     assert!(
-        mmr.accumulator().verify(LEAVES[3], opening),
+        mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().verify(LEAVES[3], opening),
         "MmrProof should be valid for the current accumulator."
     );
 
     let root_to_path = MerklePath::new(vec![LEAVES[3], h01]);
     let opening = mmr
-        .open(2)
+        .open(2, mmr.forest())
         .expect("Element 2 is contained in the tree, expected an opening result.");
     assert_eq!(opening.merkle_path, root_to_path);
     assert_eq!(opening.forest, mmr.forest);
     assert_eq!(opening.position, 2);
     assert!(
-        mmr.accumulator().verify(LEAVES[2], opening),
+        mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().verify(LEAVES[2], opening),
         "MmrProof should be valid for the current accumulator."
     );
 
     let root_to_path = MerklePath::new(vec![LEAVES[0], h23]);
     let opening = mmr
-        .open(1)
+        .open(1, mmr.forest())
         .expect("Element 1 is contained in the tree, expected an opening result.");
     assert_eq!(opening.merkle_path, root_to_path);
     assert_eq!(opening.forest, mmr.forest);
     assert_eq!(opening.position, 1);
     assert!(
-        mmr.accumulator().verify(LEAVES[1], opening),
+        mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().verify(LEAVES[1], opening),
         "MmrProof should be valid for the current accumulator."
     );
 
     let root_to_path = MerklePath::new(vec![LEAVES[1], h23]);
     let opening = mmr
-        .open(0)
+        .open(0, mmr.forest())
         .expect("Element 0 is contained in the tree, expected an opening result.");
     assert_eq!(opening.merkle_path, root_to_path);
     assert_eq!(opening.forest, mmr.forest);
     assert_eq!(opening.position, 0);
     assert!(
-        mmr.accumulator().verify(LEAVES[0], opening),
+        mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap().verify(LEAVES[0], opening),
         "MmrProof should be valid for the current accumulator."
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_mmr_open_older_version() {
+    let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
+
+    fn is_even(v: &usize) -> bool {
+        v & 1 == 0
+    }
+
+    // merkle path of a node is empty if there are no elements to pair with it
+    for pos in (0..mmr.forest()).filter(is_even) {
+        let forest = pos + 1;
+        let proof = mmr.open(pos, forest).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(proof.forest, forest);
+        assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.nodes(), []);
+        assert_eq!(proof.position, pos);
+    }
+
+    // openings match that of a merkle tree
+    let mtree: MerkleTree = LEAVES[..4].try_into().unwrap();
+    for forest in 4..=LEAVES.len() {
+        for pos in 0..4 {
+            let idx = NodeIndex::new(2, pos).unwrap();
+            let path = mtree.get_path(idx).unwrap();
+            let proof = mmr.open(pos as usize, forest).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(path, proof.merkle_path);
+        }
+    }
+    let mtree: MerkleTree = LEAVES[4..6].try_into().unwrap();
+    for forest in 6..=LEAVES.len() {
+        for pos in 0..2 {
+            let idx = NodeIndex::new(1, pos).unwrap();
+            let path = mtree.get_path(idx).unwrap();
+            // account for the bigger tree with 4 elements
+            let mmr_pos = (pos + 4) as usize;
+            let proof = mmr.open(mmr_pos, forest).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(path, proof.merkle_path);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Tests the openings of a simple Mmr with a single tree of depth 8.
 #[test]
 fn test_mmr_open_eight() {
@@ -313,49 +355,49 @@ fn test_mmr_open_eight() {
     let root = mtree.root();
 
     let position = 0;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
 
     let position = 1;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
 
     let position = 2;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
 
     let position = 3;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
 
     let position = 4;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
 
     let position = 5;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
 
     let position = 6;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
 
     let position = 7;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path = mtree.get_path(NodeIndex::new(3, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(position as u64, leaves[position]).unwrap(), root);
@@ -371,47 +413,47 @@ fn test_mmr_open_seven() {
     let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
 
     let position = 0;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path: MerklePath =
         mtree1.get_path(NodeIndex::new(2, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(0, LEAVES[0]).unwrap(), mtree1.root());
 
     let position = 1;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path: MerklePath =
         mtree1.get_path(NodeIndex::new(2, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(1, LEAVES[1]).unwrap(), mtree1.root());
 
     let position = 2;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path: MerklePath =
         mtree1.get_path(NodeIndex::new(2, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(2, LEAVES[2]).unwrap(), mtree1.root());
 
     let position = 3;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path: MerklePath =
         mtree1.get_path(NodeIndex::new(2, position as u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(3, LEAVES[3]).unwrap(), mtree1.root());
 
     let position = 4;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path: MerklePath = mtree2.get_path(NodeIndex::new(1, 0u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(0, LEAVES[4]).unwrap(), mtree2.root());
 
     let position = 5;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path: MerklePath = mtree2.get_path(NodeIndex::new(1, 1u64).unwrap()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(1, LEAVES[5]).unwrap(), mtree2.root());
 
     let position = 6;
-    let proof = mmr.open(position).unwrap();
+    let proof = mmr.open(position, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let merkle_path: MerklePath = [].as_ref().into();
     assert_eq!(proof, MmrProof { forest, position, merkle_path });
     assert_eq!(proof.merkle_path.compute_root(0, LEAVES[6]).unwrap(), LEAVES[6]);
@@ -435,7 +477,7 @@ fn test_mmr_invariants() {
     let mut mmr = Mmr::new();
     for v in 1..=1028 {
         mmr.add(int_to_node(v));
-        let accumulator = mmr.accumulator();
+        let accumulator = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(v as usize, mmr.forest(), "MMR leaf count must increase by one on every add");
         assert_eq!(
             v as usize,
@@ -516,10 +558,50 @@ fn test_mmr_inner_nodes() {
     assert_eq!(postorder, nodes);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_mmr_peaks() {
+    let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
+
+    let forest = 0b0001;
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(forest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), forest);
+    assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[mmr.nodes[0]]);
+
+    let forest = 0b0010;
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(forest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), forest);
+    assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[mmr.nodes[2]]);
+
+    let forest = 0b0011;
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(forest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), forest);
+    assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[mmr.nodes[2], mmr.nodes[3]]);
+
+    let forest = 0b0100;
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(forest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), forest);
+    assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[mmr.nodes[6]]);
+
+    let forest = 0b0101;
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(forest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), forest);
+    assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[mmr.nodes[6], mmr.nodes[7]]);
+
+    let forest = 0b0110;
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(forest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), forest);
+    assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[mmr.nodes[6], mmr.nodes[9]]);
+
+    let forest = 0b0111;
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(forest).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(acc.num_leaves(), forest);
+    assert_eq!(acc.peaks(), &[mmr.nodes[6], mmr.nodes[9], mmr.nodes[10]]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_mmr_hash_peaks() {
     let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
-    let peaks = mmr.accumulator();
+    let peaks = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
 
     let first_peak = Rpo256::merge(&[
         Rpo256::merge(&[LEAVES[0], LEAVES[1]]),
@@ -531,10 +613,7 @@ fn test_mmr_hash_peaks() {
     // minimum length is 16
     let mut expected_peaks = [first_peak, second_peak, third_peak].to_vec();
     expected_peaks.resize(16, RpoDigest::default());
-    assert_eq!(
-        peaks.hash_peaks(),
-        *Rpo256::hash_elements(&digests_to_elements(&expected_peaks))
-    );
+    assert_eq!(peaks.hash_peaks(), Rpo256::hash_elements(&digests_to_elements(&expected_peaks)));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -552,7 +631,7 @@ fn test_mmr_peaks_hash_less_than_16() {
         expected_peaks.resize(16, RpoDigest::default());
         assert_eq!(
             accumulator.hash_peaks(),
-            *Rpo256::hash_elements(&digests_to_elements(&expected_peaks))
+            Rpo256::hash_elements(&digests_to_elements(&expected_peaks))
         );
     }
 }
@@ -569,47 +648,47 @@ fn test_mmr_peaks_hash_odd() {
     expected_peaks.resize(18, RpoDigest::default());
     assert_eq!(
         accumulator.hash_peaks(),
-        *Rpo256::hash_elements(&digests_to_elements(&expected_peaks))
+        Rpo256::hash_elements(&digests_to_elements(&expected_peaks))
     );
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_mmr_updates() {
+fn test_mmr_delta() {
     let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
 
     // original_forest can't have more elements
     assert!(
-        mmr.get_delta(LEAVES.len() + 1).is_err(),
+        mmr.get_delta(LEAVES.len() + 1, mmr.forest()).is_err(),
         "Can not provide updates for a newer Mmr"
     );
 
     // if the number of elements is the same there is no change
     assert!(
-        mmr.get_delta(LEAVES.len()).unwrap().data.is_empty(),
+        mmr.get_delta(LEAVES.len(), mmr.forest()).unwrap().data.is_empty(),
         "There are no updates for the same Mmr version"
     );
 
     // missing the last element added, which is itself a tree peak
-    assert_eq!(mmr.get_delta(6).unwrap().data, vec![acc.peaks()[2]], "one peak");
+    assert_eq!(mmr.get_delta(6, mmr.forest()).unwrap().data, vec![acc.peaks()[2]], "one peak");
 
     // missing the sibling to complete the tree of depth 2, and the last element
     assert_eq!(
-        mmr.get_delta(5).unwrap().data,
+        mmr.get_delta(5, mmr.forest()).unwrap().data,
         vec![LEAVES[5], acc.peaks()[2]],
         "one sibling, one peak"
     );
 
     // missing the whole last two trees, only send the peaks
     assert_eq!(
-        mmr.get_delta(4).unwrap().data,
+        mmr.get_delta(4, mmr.forest()).unwrap().data,
         vec![acc.peaks()[1], acc.peaks()[2]],
         "two peaks"
     );
 
     // missing the sibling to complete the first tree, and the two last trees
     assert_eq!(
-        mmr.get_delta(3).unwrap().data,
+        mmr.get_delta(3, mmr.forest()).unwrap().data,
         vec![LEAVES[3], acc.peaks()[1], acc.peaks()[2]],
         "one sibling, two peaks"
     );
@@ -617,35 +696,77 @@ fn test_mmr_updates() {
     // missing half of the first tree, only send the computed element (not the leaves), and the new
     // peaks
     assert_eq!(
-        mmr.get_delta(2).unwrap().data,
+        mmr.get_delta(2, mmr.forest()).unwrap().data,
         vec![mmr.nodes[5], acc.peaks()[1], acc.peaks()[2]],
         "one sibling, two peaks"
     );
 
     assert_eq!(
-        mmr.get_delta(1).unwrap().data,
+        mmr.get_delta(1, mmr.forest()).unwrap().data,
         vec![LEAVES[1], mmr.nodes[5], acc.peaks()[1], acc.peaks()[2]],
         "one sibling, two peaks"
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(&mmr.get_delta(0).unwrap().data, acc.peaks(), "all peaks");
+    assert_eq!(&mmr.get_delta(0, mmr.forest()).unwrap().data, acc.peaks(), "all peaks");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mmr_delta_old_forest() {
+    let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
+
+    // from_forest must be smaller-or-equal to to_forest
+    for version in 1..=mmr.forest() {
+        assert!(mmr.get_delta(version + 1, version).is_err());
+    }
+
+    // when from_forest and to_forest are equal, there are no updates
+    for version in 1..=mmr.forest() {
+        let delta = mmr.get_delta(version, version).unwrap();
+        assert!(delta.data.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(delta.forest, version);
+    }
+
+    // test update which merges the odd peak to the right
+    for count in 0..(mmr.forest() / 2) {
+        // *2 because every iteration tests a pair
+        // +1 because the Mmr is 1-indexed
+        let from_forest = (count * 2) + 1;
+        let to_forest = (count * 2) + 2;
+        let delta = mmr.get_delta(from_forest, to_forest).unwrap();
+
+        // *2 because every iteration tests a pair
+        // +1 because sibling is the odd element
+        let sibling = (count * 2) + 1;
+        assert_eq!(delta.data, [LEAVES[sibling]]);
+        assert_eq!(delta.forest, to_forest);
+    }
+
+    let version = 4;
+    let delta = mmr.get_delta(1, version).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(delta.data, [mmr.nodes[1], mmr.nodes[5]]);
+    assert_eq!(delta.forest, version);
+
+    let version = 5;
+    let delta = mmr.get_delta(1, version).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(delta.data, [mmr.nodes[1], mmr.nodes[5], mmr.nodes[7]]);
+    assert_eq!(delta.forest, version);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_partial_mmr_simple() {
     let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
-    let mut partial: PartialMmr = acc.clone().into();
+    let peaks = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
+    let mut partial: PartialMmr = peaks.clone().into();
 
     // check initial state of the partial mmr
-    assert_eq!(partial.peaks(), acc.peaks());
-    assert_eq!(partial.forest(), acc.num_leaves());
+    assert_eq!(partial.peaks(), peaks);
+    assert_eq!(partial.forest(), peaks.num_leaves());
     assert_eq!(partial.forest(), LEAVES.len());
-    assert_eq!(partial.peaks().len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(partial.peaks().num_peaks(), 3);
     assert_eq!(partial.nodes.len(), 0);
 
     // check state after adding tracking one element
-    let proof1 = mmr.open(0).unwrap();
+    let proof1 = mmr.open(0, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let el1 = mmr.get(proof1.position).unwrap();
     partial.add(proof1.position, el1, &proof1.merkle_path).unwrap();
 
@@ -657,7 +778,7 @@ fn test_partial_mmr_simple() {
     let idx = idx.parent();
     assert_eq!(partial.nodes[&idx.sibling()], proof1.merkle_path[1]);
 
-    let proof2 = mmr.open(1).unwrap();
+    let proof2 = mmr.open(1, mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let el2 = mmr.get(proof2.position).unwrap();
     partial.add(proof2.position, el2, &proof2.merkle_path).unwrap();
 
@@ -675,21 +796,21 @@ fn test_partial_mmr_update_single() {
     let mut full = Mmr::new();
     let zero = int_to_node(0);
     full.add(zero);
-    let mut partial: PartialMmr = full.accumulator().into();
+    let mut partial: PartialMmr = full.peaks(full.forest()).unwrap().into();
 
-    let proof = full.open(0).unwrap();
+    let proof = full.open(0, full.forest()).unwrap();
     partial.add(proof.position, zero, &proof.merkle_path).unwrap();
 
     for i in 1..100 {
         let node = int_to_node(i);
         full.add(node);
-        let delta = full.get_delta(partial.forest()).unwrap();
+        let delta = full.get_delta(partial.forest(), full.forest()).unwrap();
         partial.apply(delta).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(partial.forest(), full.forest());
-        assert_eq!(partial.peaks(), full.accumulator().peaks());
+        assert_eq!(partial.peaks(), full.peaks(full.forest()).unwrap());
 
-        let proof1 = full.open(i as usize).unwrap();
+        let proof1 = full.open(i as usize, full.forest()).unwrap();
         partial.add(proof1.position, node, &proof1.merkle_path).unwrap();
         let proof2 = partial.open(proof1.position).unwrap().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(proof1.merkle_path, proof2.merkle_path);
@@ -699,7 +820,7 @@ fn test_partial_mmr_update_single() {
 #[test]
 fn test_mmr_add_invalid_odd_leaf() {
     let mmr: Mmr = LEAVES.into();
-    let acc = mmr.accumulator();
+    let acc = mmr.peaks(mmr.forest()).unwrap();
     let mut partial: PartialMmr = acc.clone().into();
 
     let empty = MerklePath::new(Vec::new());

src/merkle/mod.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ mod tiered_smt;
 pub use tiered_smt::{TieredSmt, TieredSmtProof, TieredSmtProofError};
 
 mod mmr;
-pub use mmr::{InOrderIndex, Mmr, MmrError, MmrPeaks, MmrProof, PartialMmr};
+pub use mmr::{InOrderIndex, Mmr, MmrDelta, MmrError, MmrPeaks, MmrProof, PartialMmr};
 
 mod store;
 pub use store::{DefaultMerkleStore, MerkleStore, RecordingMerkleStore, StoreNode};

src/merkle/node.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::hash::rpo::RpoDigest;
+use super::RpoDigest;
 
 /// Representation of a node with two children used for iterating over containers.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]

src/merkle/partial_mt/mod.rs

@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ impl PartialMerkleTree {
 
         // check if the number of leaves can be accommodated by the tree's depth; we use a min
         // depth of 63 because we consider passing in a vector of size 2^64 infeasible.
-        let max = (1_u64 << 63) as usize;
+        let max = 2usize.pow(63);
         if layers.len() > max {
-            return Err(MerkleError::InvalidNumEntries(max, layers.len()));
+            return Err(MerkleError::InvalidNumEntries(max));
         }
 
         // Get maximum depth

src/merkle/path.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::{vec, InnerNodeInfo, MerkleError, NodeIndex, Rpo256, RpoDigest, Vec};
 use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+use winter_utils::{ByteReader, Deserializable, DeserializationError, Serializable};
 
 // MERKLE PATH
 // ================================================================================================
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ impl MerklePath {
 
     /// Creates a new Merkle path from a list of nodes.
     pub fn new(nodes: Vec<RpoDigest>) -> Self {
+        assert!(nodes.len() <= u8::MAX.into(), "MerklePath may have at most 256 items");
         Self { nodes }
     }
 
@@ -189,6 +191,55 @@ pub struct RootPath {
     pub path: MerklePath,
 }
 
+// SERIALIZATION
+// ================================================================================================
+
+impl Serializable for MerklePath {
+    fn write_into<W: winter_utils::ByteWriter>(&self, target: &mut W) {
+        assert!(self.nodes.len() <= u8::MAX.into(), "Length enforced in the constructor");
+        target.write_u8(self.nodes.len() as u8);
+        self.nodes.write_into(target);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deserializable for MerklePath {
+    fn read_from<R: ByteReader>(source: &mut R) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        let count = source.read_u8()?.into();
+        let nodes = RpoDigest::read_batch_from(source, count)?;
+        Ok(Self { nodes })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serializable for ValuePath {
+    fn write_into<W: winter_utils::ByteWriter>(&self, target: &mut W) {
+        self.value.write_into(target);
+        self.path.write_into(target);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deserializable for ValuePath {
+    fn read_from<R: ByteReader>(source: &mut R) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        let value = RpoDigest::read_from(source)?;
+        let path = MerklePath::read_from(source)?;
+        Ok(Self { value, path })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serializable for RootPath {
+    fn write_into<W: winter_utils::ByteWriter>(&self, target: &mut W) {
+        self.root.write_into(target);
+        self.path.write_into(target);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deserializable for RootPath {
+    fn read_from<R: ByteReader>(source: &mut R) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        let root = RpoDigest::read_from(source)?;
+        let path = MerklePath::read_from(source)?;
+        Ok(Self { root, path })
+    }
+}
+
 // TESTS
 // ================================================================================================
 

src/merkle/simple_smt/mod.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ pub struct SimpleSmt {
     root: RpoDigest,
     leaves: BTreeMap<u64, Word>,
     branches: BTreeMap<NodeIndex, BranchNode>,
-    empty_hashes: Vec<RpoDigest>,
 }
 
 impl SimpleSmt {
@@ -52,13 +51,11 @@ impl SimpleSmt {
             return Err(MerkleError::DepthTooBig(depth as u64));
         }
 
-        let empty_hashes = EmptySubtreeRoots::empty_hashes(depth).to_vec();
-        let root = empty_hashes[0];
+        let root = *EmptySubtreeRoots::entry(depth, 0);
 
         Ok(Self {
             root,
             depth,
-            empty_hashes,
             leaves: BTreeMap::new(),
             branches: BTreeMap::new(),
         })
@@ -74,39 +71,54 @@ impl SimpleSmt {
     /// - If the depth is 0 or is greater than 64.
     /// - The number of entries exceeds the maximum tree capacity, that is 2^{depth}.
     /// - The provided entries contain multiple values for the same key.
-    pub fn with_leaves<R, I>(depth: u8, entries: R) -> Result<Self, MerkleError>
-    where
-        R: IntoIterator<IntoIter = I>,
-        I: Iterator<Item = (u64, Word)> + ExactSizeIterator,
-    {
+    pub fn with_leaves(
+        depth: u8,
+        entries: impl IntoIterator<Item = (u64, Word)>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, MerkleError> {
         // create an empty tree
         let mut tree = Self::new(depth)?;
 
-        // check if the number of leaves can be accommodated by the tree's depth; we use a min
-        // depth of 63 because we consider passing in a vector of size 2^64 infeasible.
-        let entries = entries.into_iter();
-        let max = 1 << tree.depth.min(63);
-        if entries.len() > max {
-            return Err(MerkleError::InvalidNumEntries(max, entries.len()));
-        }
+        // compute the max number of entries. We use an upper bound of depth 63 because we consider
+        // passing in a vector of size 2^64 infeasible.
+        let max_num_entries = 2_usize.pow(tree.depth.min(63).into());
+
+        // This being a sparse data structure, the EMPTY_WORD is not assigned to the `BTreeMap`, so
+        // entries with the empty value need additional tracking.
+        let mut key_set_to_zero = BTreeSet::new();
+
+        for (idx, (key, value)) in entries.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            if idx >= max_num_entries {
+                return Err(MerkleError::InvalidNumEntries(max_num_entries));
+            }
 
-        // append leaves to the tree returning an error if a duplicate entry for the same key
-        // is found
-        let mut empty_entries = BTreeSet::new();
-        for (key, value) in entries {
             let old_value = tree.update_leaf(key, value)?;
-            if old_value != Self::EMPTY_VALUE || empty_entries.contains(&key) {
-                return Err(MerkleError::DuplicateValuesForIndex(key));
-            }
-            // if we've processed an empty entry, add the key to the set of empty entry keys, and
-            // if this key was already in the set, return an error
-            if value == Self::EMPTY_VALUE && !empty_entries.insert(key) {
+
+            if old_value != Self::EMPTY_VALUE || key_set_to_zero.contains(&key) {
                 return Err(MerkleError::DuplicateValuesForIndex(key));
             }
+
+            if value == Self::EMPTY_VALUE {
+                key_set_to_zero.insert(key);
+            };
         }
         Ok(tree)
     }
 
+    /// Wrapper around [`SimpleSmt::with_leaves`] which inserts leaves at contiguous indices
+    /// starting at index 0.
+    pub fn with_contiguous_leaves(
+        depth: u8,
+        entries: impl IntoIterator<Item = Word>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, MerkleError> {
+        Self::with_leaves(
+            depth,
+            entries
+                .into_iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(idx, word)| (idx.try_into().expect("tree max depth is 2^8"), word)),
+        )
+    }
+
     // PUBLIC ACCESSORS
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -133,10 +145,12 @@ impl SimpleSmt {
         } else if index.depth() == self.depth() {
             // the lookup in empty_hashes could fail only if empty_hashes were not built correctly
             // by the constructor as we check the depth of the lookup above.
-            Ok(RpoDigest::from(
-                self.get_leaf_node(index.value())
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| *self.empty_hashes[index.depth() as usize]),
-            ))
+            let leaf_pos = index.value();
+            let leaf = match self.get_leaf_node(leaf_pos) {
+                Some(word) => word.into(),
+                None => *EmptySubtreeRoots::entry(self.depth, index.depth()),
+            };
+            Ok(leaf)
         } else {
             Ok(self.get_branch_node(&index).parent())
         }
@@ -214,6 +228,9 @@ impl SimpleSmt {
     /// # Errors
     /// Returns an error if the index is greater than the maximum tree capacity, that is 2^{depth}.
     pub fn update_leaf(&mut self, index: u64, value: Word) -> Result<Word, MerkleError> {
+        // validate the index before modifying the structure
+        let idx = NodeIndex::new(self.depth(), index)?;
+
         let old_value = self.insert_leaf_node(index, value).unwrap_or(Self::EMPTY_VALUE);
 
         // if the old value and new value are the same, there is nothing to update
@@ -221,8 +238,82 @@ impl SimpleSmt {
             return Ok(value);
         }
 
-        let mut index = NodeIndex::new(self.depth(), index)?;
-        let mut value = RpoDigest::from(value);
+        self.recompute_nodes_from_index_to_root(idx, RpoDigest::from(value));
+
+        Ok(old_value)
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a subtree at the specified index. The depth at which the subtree is inserted is
+    /// computed as `self.depth() - subtree.depth()`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the new root.
+    pub fn set_subtree(
+        &mut self,
+        subtree_insertion_index: u64,
+        subtree: SimpleSmt,
+    ) -> Result<RpoDigest, MerkleError> {
+        if subtree.depth() > self.depth() {
+            return Err(MerkleError::InvalidSubtreeDepth {
+                subtree_depth: subtree.depth(),
+                tree_depth: self.depth(),
+            });
+        }
+
+        // Verify that `subtree_insertion_index` is valid.
+        let subtree_root_insertion_depth = self.depth() - subtree.depth();
+        let subtree_root_index =
+            NodeIndex::new(subtree_root_insertion_depth, subtree_insertion_index)?;
+
+        // add leaves
+        // --------------
+
+        // The subtree's leaf indices live in their own context - i.e. a subtree of depth `d`. If we
+        // insert the subtree at `subtree_insertion_index = 0`, then the subtree leaf indices are
+        // valid as they are. However, consider what happens when we insert at
+        // `subtree_insertion_index = 1`. The first leaf of our subtree now will have index `2^d`;
+        // you can see it as there's a full subtree sitting on its left. In general, for
+        // `subtree_insertion_index = i`, there are `i` subtrees sitting before the subtree we want
+        // to insert, so we need to adjust all its leaves by `i * 2^d`.
+        let leaf_index_shift: u64 = subtree_insertion_index * 2_u64.pow(subtree.depth().into());
+        for (subtree_leaf_idx, leaf_value) in subtree.leaves() {
+            let new_leaf_idx = leaf_index_shift + subtree_leaf_idx;
+            debug_assert!(new_leaf_idx < 2_u64.pow(self.depth().into()));
+
+            self.insert_leaf_node(new_leaf_idx, *leaf_value);
+        }
+
+        // add subtree's branch nodes (which includes the root)
+        // --------------
+        for (branch_idx, branch_node) in subtree.branches {
+            let new_branch_idx = {
+                let new_depth = subtree_root_insertion_depth + branch_idx.depth();
+                let new_value = subtree_insertion_index * 2_u64.pow(branch_idx.depth().into())
+                    + branch_idx.value();
+
+                NodeIndex::new(new_depth, new_value).expect("index guaranteed to be valid")
+            };
+
+            self.branches.insert(new_branch_idx, branch_node);
+        }
+
+        // recompute nodes starting from subtree root
+        // --------------
+        self.recompute_nodes_from_index_to_root(subtree_root_index, subtree.root);
+
+        Ok(self.root)
+    }
+
+    // HELPER METHODS
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /// Recomputes the branch nodes (including the root) from `index` all the way to the root.
+    /// `node_hash_at_index` is the hash of the node stored at index.
+    fn recompute_nodes_from_index_to_root(
+        &mut self,
+        mut index: NodeIndex,
+        node_hash_at_index: RpoDigest,
+    ) {
+        let mut value = node_hash_at_index;
         for _ in 0..index.depth() {
             let is_right = index.is_value_odd();
             index.move_up();
@@ -232,12 +323,8 @@ impl SimpleSmt {
             value = Rpo256::merge(&[left, right]);
         }
         self.root = value;
-        Ok(old_value)
     }
 
-    // HELPER METHODS
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
     fn get_leaf_node(&self, key: u64) -> Option<Word> {
         self.leaves.get(&key).copied()
     }
@@ -248,8 +335,8 @@ impl SimpleSmt {
 
     fn get_branch_node(&self, index: &NodeIndex) -> BranchNode {
         self.branches.get(index).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let node = self.empty_hashes[index.depth() as usize + 1];
-            BranchNode { left: node, right: node }
+            let node = EmptySubtreeRoots::entry(self.depth, index.depth() + 1);
+            BranchNode { left: *node, right: *node }
         })
     }
 

src/merkle/simple_smt/tests.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use super::{
     NodeIndex, Rpo256, Vec,
 };
 use crate::{
-    merkle::{digests_to_words, int_to_leaf, int_to_node},
+    merkle::{digests_to_words, int_to_leaf, int_to_node, EmptySubtreeRoots},
     Word,
 };
 
@@ -71,6 +71,21 @@ fn build_sparse_tree() {
     assert_eq!(old_value, EMPTY_WORD);
 }
 
+/// Tests that [`SimpleSmt::with_contiguous_leaves`] works as expected
+#[test]
+fn build_contiguous_tree() {
+    let tree_with_leaves = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(
+        2,
+        [0, 1, 2, 3].into_iter().zip(digests_to_words(&VALUES4).into_iter()),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let tree_with_contiguous_leaves =
+        SimpleSmt::with_contiguous_leaves(2, digests_to_words(&VALUES4).into_iter()).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(tree_with_leaves, tree_with_contiguous_leaves);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_depth2_tree() {
     let tree =
@@ -214,22 +229,31 @@ fn small_tree_opening_is_consistent() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn fail_on_duplicates() {
-    let entries = [(1_u64, int_to_leaf(1)), (5, int_to_leaf(2)), (1_u64, int_to_leaf(3))];
-    let smt = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(64, entries);
-    assert!(smt.is_err());
+fn test_simplesmt_fail_on_duplicates() {
+    let values = [
+        // same key, same value
+        (int_to_leaf(1), int_to_leaf(1)),
+        // same key, different values
+        (int_to_leaf(1), int_to_leaf(2)),
+        // same key, set to zero
+        (EMPTY_WORD, int_to_leaf(1)),
+        // same key, re-set to zero
+        (int_to_leaf(1), EMPTY_WORD),
+        // same key, set to zero twice
+        (EMPTY_WORD, EMPTY_WORD),
+    ];
 
-    let entries = [(1_u64, int_to_leaf(0)), (5, int_to_leaf(2)), (1_u64, int_to_leaf(0))];
-    let smt = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(64, entries);
-    assert!(smt.is_err());
+    for (first, second) in values.iter() {
+        // consecutive
+        let entries = [(1, *first), (1, *second)];
+        let smt = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(64, entries);
+        assert_eq!(smt.unwrap_err(), MerkleError::DuplicateValuesForIndex(1));
 
-    let entries = [(1_u64, int_to_leaf(0)), (5, int_to_leaf(2)), (1_u64, int_to_leaf(1))];
-    let smt = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(64, entries);
-    assert!(smt.is_err());
-
-    let entries = [(1_u64, int_to_leaf(1)), (5, int_to_leaf(2)), (1_u64, int_to_leaf(0))];
-    let smt = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(64, entries);
-    assert!(smt.is_err());
+        // not consecutive
+        let entries = [(1, *first), (5, int_to_leaf(5)), (1, *second)];
+        let smt = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(64, entries);
+        assert_eq!(smt.unwrap_err(), MerkleError::DuplicateValuesForIndex(1));
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -239,6 +263,227 @@ fn with_no_duplicates_empty_node() {
     assert!(smt.is_ok());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_simplesmt_update_nonexisting_leaf_with_zero() {
+    // TESTING WITH EMPTY WORD
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // Depth 1 has 2 leaf. Position is 0-indexed, position 2 doesn't exist.
+    let mut smt = SimpleSmt::new(1).unwrap();
+    let result = smt.update_leaf(2, EMPTY_WORD);
+    assert!(!smt.leaves.contains_key(&2));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 2 has 4 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 4 doesn't exist.
+    let mut smt = SimpleSmt::new(2).unwrap();
+    let result = smt.update_leaf(4, EMPTY_WORD);
+    assert!(!smt.leaves.contains_key(&4));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 3 has 8 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 8 doesn't exist.
+    let mut smt = SimpleSmt::new(3).unwrap();
+    let result = smt.update_leaf(8, EMPTY_WORD);
+    assert!(!smt.leaves.contains_key(&8));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // TESTING WITH A VALUE
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    let value = int_to_node(1);
+
+    // Depth 1 has 2 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 1 doesn't exist.
+    let mut smt = SimpleSmt::new(1).unwrap();
+    let result = smt.update_leaf(2, *value);
+    assert!(!smt.leaves.contains_key(&2));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 2 has 4 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 2 doesn't exist.
+    let mut smt = SimpleSmt::new(2).unwrap();
+    let result = smt.update_leaf(4, *value);
+    assert!(!smt.leaves.contains_key(&4));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 3 has 8 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 4 doesn't exist.
+    let mut smt = SimpleSmt::new(3).unwrap();
+    let result = smt.update_leaf(8, *value);
+    assert!(!smt.leaves.contains_key(&8));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_simplesmt_with_leaves_nonexisting_leaf() {
+    // TESTING WITH EMPTY WORD
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    // Depth 1 has 2 leaf. Position is 0-indexed, position 2 doesn't exist.
+    let leaves = [(2, EMPTY_WORD)];
+    let result = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(1, leaves);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 2 has 4 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 4 doesn't exist.
+    let leaves = [(4, EMPTY_WORD)];
+    let result = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(2, leaves);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 3 has 8 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 8 doesn't exist.
+    let leaves = [(8, EMPTY_WORD)];
+    let result = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(3, leaves);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // TESTING WITH A VALUE
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    let value = int_to_node(1);
+
+    // Depth 1 has 2 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 2 doesn't exist.
+    let leaves = [(2, *value)];
+    let result = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(1, leaves);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 2 has 4 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 4 doesn't exist.
+    let leaves = [(4, *value)];
+    let result = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(2, leaves);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    // Depth 3 has 8 leaves. Position is 0-indexed, position 8 doesn't exist.
+    let leaves = [(8, *value)];
+    let result = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(3, leaves);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_simplesmt_set_subtree() {
+    // Final Tree:
+    //
+    //        ____k____
+    //       /         \
+    //     _i_         _j_
+    //    /   \       /   \
+    //   e     f     g     h
+    //  / \   / \   / \   / \
+    // a   b 0   0 c   0 0   d
+
+    let z = EMPTY_WORD;
+
+    let a = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[z.into(); 2]));
+    let b = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[a.into(); 2]));
+    let c = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[b.into(); 2]));
+    let d = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[c.into(); 2]));
+
+    let e = Rpo256::merge(&[a.into(), b.into()]);
+    let f = Rpo256::merge(&[z.into(), z.into()]);
+    let g = Rpo256::merge(&[c.into(), z.into()]);
+    let h = Rpo256::merge(&[z.into(), d.into()]);
+
+    let i = Rpo256::merge(&[e, f]);
+    let j = Rpo256::merge(&[g, h]);
+
+    let k = Rpo256::merge(&[i, j]);
+
+    // subtree:
+    //   g
+    //  / \
+    // c   0
+    let subtree = {
+        let depth = 1;
+        let entries = vec![(0, c)];
+        SimpleSmt::with_leaves(depth, entries).unwrap()
+    };
+
+    // insert subtree
+    let tree = {
+        let depth = 3;
+        let entries = vec![(0, a), (1, b), (7, d)];
+        let mut tree = SimpleSmt::with_leaves(depth, entries).unwrap();
+
+        tree.set_subtree(2, subtree).unwrap();
+
+        tree
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(tree.root(), k);
+    assert_eq!(tree.get_leaf(4).unwrap(), c);
+    assert_eq!(tree.get_branch_node(&NodeIndex::new_unchecked(2, 2)).parent(), g);
+}
+
+/// Ensures that an invalid input node index into `set_subtree()` incurs no mutation of the tree
+#[test]
+fn test_simplesmt_set_subtree_unchanged_for_wrong_index() {
+    // Final Tree:
+    //
+    //        ____k____
+    //       /         \
+    //     _i_         _j_
+    //    /   \       /   \
+    //   e     f     g     h
+    //  / \   / \   / \   / \
+    // a   b 0   0 c   0 0   d
+
+    let z = EMPTY_WORD;
+
+    let a = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[z.into(); 2]));
+    let b = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[a.into(); 2]));
+    let c = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[b.into(); 2]));
+    let d = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[c.into(); 2]));
+
+    // subtree:
+    //   g
+    //  / \
+    // c   0
+    let subtree = {
+        let depth = 1;
+        let entries = vec![(0, c)];
+        SimpleSmt::with_leaves(depth, entries).unwrap()
+    };
+
+    let mut tree = {
+        let depth = 3;
+        let entries = vec![(0, a), (1, b), (7, d)];
+        SimpleSmt::with_leaves(depth, entries).unwrap()
+    };
+    let tree_root_before_insertion = tree.root();
+
+    // insert subtree
+    assert!(tree.set_subtree(500, subtree).is_err());
+
+    assert_eq!(tree.root(), tree_root_before_insertion);
+}
+
+/// We insert an empty subtree that has the same depth as the original tree
+#[test]
+fn test_simplesmt_set_subtree_entire_tree() {
+    // Initial Tree:
+    //
+    //        ____k____
+    //       /         \
+    //     _i_         _j_
+    //    /   \       /   \
+    //   e     f     g     h
+    //  / \   / \   / \   / \
+    // a   b 0   0 c   0 0   d
+
+    let z = EMPTY_WORD;
+
+    let a = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[z.into(); 2]));
+    let b = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[a.into(); 2]));
+    let c = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[b.into(); 2]));
+    let d = Word::from(Rpo256::merge(&[c.into(); 2]));
+
+    let depth = 3;
+
+    // subtree: E3
+    let subtree = { SimpleSmt::with_leaves(depth, Vec::new()).unwrap() };
+    assert_eq!(subtree.root(), *EmptySubtreeRoots::entry(depth, 0));
+
+    // insert subtree
+    let mut tree = {
+        let entries = vec![(0, a), (1, b), (4, c), (7, d)];
+        SimpleSmt::with_leaves(depth, entries).unwrap()
+    };
+
+    tree.set_subtree(0, subtree).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(tree.root(), *EmptySubtreeRoots::entry(depth, 0));
+}
+
 // HELPER FUNCTIONS
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

src/merkle/store/tests.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 use super::{
     DefaultMerkleStore as MerkleStore, EmptySubtreeRoots, MerkleError, MerklePath, NodeIndex,
-    PartialMerkleTree, RecordingMerkleStore, RpoDigest,
+    PartialMerkleTree, RecordingMerkleStore, Rpo256, RpoDigest,
 };
 use crate::{
-    hash::rpo::Rpo256,
     merkle::{digests_to_words, int_to_leaf, int_to_node, MerkleTree, SimpleSmt},
     Felt, Word, ONE, WORD_SIZE, ZERO,
 };

src/merkle/tiered_smt/proof.rs

@@ -85,18 +85,26 @@ impl TieredSmtProof {
     /// Note: this method cannot be used to assert non-membership. That is, if false is returned,
     /// it does not mean that the provided key-value pair is not in the tree.
     pub fn verify_membership(&self, key: &RpoDigest, value: &Word, root: &RpoDigest) -> bool {
-        if self.is_value_empty() {
-            if value != &EMPTY_VALUE {
-                return false;
-            }
-            // if the proof is for an empty value, we can verify it against any key which has a
-            // common prefix with the key storied in entries, but the prefix must be greater than
-            // the path length
-            let common_prefix_tier = get_common_prefix_tier_depth(key, &self.entries[0].0);
-            if common_prefix_tier < self.path.depth() {
-                return false;
-            }
-        } else if !self.entries.contains(&(*key, *value)) {
+        // Handles the following scenarios:
+        // - the value is set
+        // - empty leaf, there is an explicit entry for the key with the empty value
+        // - shared 64-bit prefix, the target key is not included in the entries list, the value is implicitly the empty word
+        let v = match self.entries.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == key) {
+            Some((_, v)) => v,
+            None => &EMPTY_VALUE,
+        };
+
+        // The value must match for the proof to be valid
+        if v != value {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // If the proof is for an empty value, we can verify it against any key which has a common
+        // prefix with the key storied in entries, but the prefix must be greater than the path
+        // length
+        if self.is_value_empty()
+            && get_common_prefix_tier_depth(key, &self.entries[0].0) < self.path.depth()
+        {
             return false;
         }
 

src/merkle/tiered_smt/tests.rs

@@ -715,6 +715,38 @@ fn tsmt_bottom_tier_two() {
 // GET PROOF TESTS
 // ================================================================================================
 
+/// Tests the membership and non-membership proof for a single at depth 64
+#[test]
+fn tsmt_get_proof_single_element_64() {
+    let mut smt = TieredSmt::default();
+
+    let raw_a = 0b_00000000_00000001_00000000_00000001_00000000_00000001_00000000_00000001_u64;
+    let key_a = [ONE, ONE, ONE, raw_a.into()].into();
+    let value_a = [ONE, ONE, ONE, ONE];
+    smt.insert(key_a, value_a);
+
+    // push element `a` to depth 64, by inserting another value that shares the 48-bit prefix
+    let raw_b = 0b_00000000_00000001_00000000_00000001_00000000_00000001_00000000_00000000_u64;
+    let key_b = [ONE, ONE, ONE, raw_b.into()].into();
+    smt.insert(key_b, [ONE, ONE, ONE, ONE]);
+
+    // verify the proof for element `a`
+    let proof = smt.prove(key_a);
+    assert!(proof.verify_membership(&key_a, &value_a, &smt.root()));
+
+    // check that a value that is not inserted in the tree produces a valid membership proof for the
+    // empty word
+    let key = [ZERO, ZERO, ZERO, ZERO].into();
+    let proof = smt.prove(key);
+    assert!(proof.verify_membership(&key, &EMPTY_WORD, &smt.root()));
+
+    // check that a key that shared the 64-bit prefix with `a`, but is not inserted, also has a
+    // valid membership proof for the empty word
+    let key = [ONE, ONE, ZERO, raw_a.into()].into();
+    let proof = smt.prove(key);
+    assert!(proof.verify_membership(&key, &EMPTY_WORD, &smt.root()));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn tsmt_get_proof() {
     let mut smt = TieredSmt::default();

src/rand/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,19 @@
 //! Pseudo-random element generation.
 
-pub use winter_crypto::{RandomCoin, RandomCoinError};
+pub use winter_crypto::{DefaultRandomCoin as WinterRandomCoin, RandomCoin, RandomCoinError};
+
+use crate::{Felt, FieldElement, StarkField, Word, ZERO};
+
+mod rpo;
+pub use rpo::RpoRandomCoin;
+
+/// Pseudo-random element generator.
+///
+/// An instance can be used to draw, uniformly at random, base field elements as well as [Word]s.
+pub trait FeltRng {
+    /// Draw, uniformly at random, a base field element.
+    fn draw_element(&mut self) -> Felt;
+
+    /// Draw, uniformly at random, a [Word].
+    fn draw_word(&mut self) -> Word;
+}

src/rand/rpo.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+use super::{Felt, FeltRng, FieldElement, StarkField, Word, ZERO};
+use crate::{
+    hash::rpo::{Rpo256, RpoDigest},
+    utils::{
+        collections::Vec, string::ToString, vec, ByteReader, ByteWriter, Deserializable,
+        DeserializationError, Serializable,
+    },
+};
+pub use winter_crypto::{RandomCoin, RandomCoinError};
+
+// CONSTANTS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+const STATE_WIDTH: usize = Rpo256::STATE_WIDTH;
+const RATE_START: usize = Rpo256::RATE_RANGE.start;
+const RATE_END: usize = Rpo256::RATE_RANGE.end;
+const HALF_RATE_WIDTH: usize = (Rpo256::RATE_RANGE.end - Rpo256::RATE_RANGE.start) / 2;
+
+// RPO RANDOM COIN
+// ================================================================================================
+/// A simplified version of the `SPONGE_PRG` reseedable pseudo-random number generator algorithm
+/// described in https://eprint.iacr.org/2011/499.pdf.
+///
+/// The simplification is related to the following facts:
+/// 1. A call to the reseed method implies one and only one call to the permutation function.
+///  This is possible because in our case we never reseed with more than 4 field elements.
+/// 2. As a result of the previous point, we don't make use of an input buffer to accumulate seed
+///  material.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct RpoRandomCoin {
+    state: [Felt; STATE_WIDTH],
+    current: usize,
+}
+
+impl RpoRandomCoin {
+    /// Returns a new [RpoRandomCoin] initialize with the specified seed.
+    pub fn new(seed: Word) -> Self {
+        let mut state = [ZERO; STATE_WIDTH];
+
+        for i in 0..HALF_RATE_WIDTH {
+            state[RATE_START + i] += seed[i];
+        }
+
+        // Absorb
+        Rpo256::apply_permutation(&mut state);
+
+        RpoRandomCoin { state, current: RATE_START }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an [RpoRandomCoin] instantiated from the provided components.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if `current` is smaller than 4 or greater than or equal to 12.
+    pub fn from_parts(state: [Felt; STATE_WIDTH], current: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(
+            (RATE_START..RATE_END).contains(&current),
+            "current value outside of valid range"
+        );
+        Self { state, current }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns components of this random coin.
+    pub fn into_parts(self) -> ([Felt; STATE_WIDTH], usize) {
+        (self.state, self.current)
+    }
+
+    fn draw_basefield(&mut self) -> Felt {
+        if self.current == RATE_END {
+            Rpo256::apply_permutation(&mut self.state);
+            self.current = RATE_START;
+        }
+
+        self.current += 1;
+        self.state[self.current - 1]
+    }
+}
+
+// RANDOM COIN IMPLEMENTATION
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl RandomCoin for RpoRandomCoin {
+    type BaseField = Felt;
+    type Hasher = Rpo256;
+
+    fn new(seed: &[Self::BaseField]) -> Self {
+        let digest: Word = Rpo256::hash_elements(seed).into();
+        Self::new(digest)
+    }
+
+    fn reseed(&mut self, data: RpoDigest) {
+        // Reset buffer
+        self.current = RATE_START;
+
+        // Add the new seed material to the first half of the rate portion of the RPO state
+        let data: Word = data.into();
+
+        self.state[RATE_START] += data[0];
+        self.state[RATE_START + 1] += data[1];
+        self.state[RATE_START + 2] += data[2];
+        self.state[RATE_START + 3] += data[3];
+
+        // Absorb
+        Rpo256::apply_permutation(&mut self.state);
+    }
+
+    fn check_leading_zeros(&self, value: u64) -> u32 {
+        let value = Felt::new(value);
+        let mut state_tmp = self.state;
+
+        state_tmp[RATE_START] += value;
+
+        Rpo256::apply_permutation(&mut state_tmp);
+
+        let first_rate_element = state_tmp[RATE_START].as_int();
+        first_rate_element.trailing_zeros()
+    }
+
+    fn draw<E: FieldElement<BaseField = Felt>>(&mut self) -> Result<E, RandomCoinError> {
+        let ext_degree = E::EXTENSION_DEGREE;
+        let mut result = vec![ZERO; ext_degree];
+        for r in result.iter_mut().take(ext_degree) {
+            *r = self.draw_basefield();
+        }
+
+        let result = E::slice_from_base_elements(&result);
+        Ok(result[0])
+    }
+
+    fn draw_integers(
+        &mut self,
+        num_values: usize,
+        domain_size: usize,
+        nonce: u64,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<usize>, RandomCoinError> {
+        assert!(domain_size.is_power_of_two(), "domain size must be a power of two");
+        assert!(num_values < domain_size, "number of values must be smaller than domain size");
+
+        // absorb the nonce
+        let nonce = Felt::new(nonce);
+        self.state[RATE_START] += nonce;
+        Rpo256::apply_permutation(&mut self.state);
+
+        // reset the buffer
+        self.current = RATE_START;
+
+        // determine how many bits are needed to represent valid values in the domain
+        let v_mask = (domain_size - 1) as u64;
+
+        // draw values from PRNG until we get as many unique values as specified by num_queries
+        let mut values = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..1000 {
+            // get the next pseudo-random field element
+            let value = self.draw_basefield().as_int();
+
+            // use the mask to get a value within the range
+            let value = (value & v_mask) as usize;
+
+            values.push(value);
+            if values.len() == num_values {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if values.len() < num_values {
+            return Err(RandomCoinError::FailedToDrawIntegers(num_values, values.len(), 1000));
+        }
+
+        Ok(values)
+    }
+}
+
+// FELT RNG IMPLEMENTATION
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl FeltRng for RpoRandomCoin {
+    fn draw_element(&mut self) -> Felt {
+        self.draw_basefield()
+    }
+
+    fn draw_word(&mut self) -> Word {
+        let mut output = [ZERO; 4];
+        for o in output.iter_mut() {
+            *o = self.draw_basefield();
+        }
+        output
+    }
+}
+
+// SERIALIZATION
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl Serializable for RpoRandomCoin {
+    fn write_into<W: ByteWriter>(&self, target: &mut W) {
+        self.state.iter().for_each(|v| v.write_into(target));
+        // casting to u8 is OK because `current` is always between 4 and 12.
+        target.write_u8(self.current as u8);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deserializable for RpoRandomCoin {
+    fn read_from<R: ByteReader>(source: &mut R) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        let state = [
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+            Felt::read_from(source)?,
+        ];
+        let current = source.read_u8()? as usize;
+        if !(RATE_START..RATE_END).contains(&current) {
+            return Err(DeserializationError::InvalidValue(
+                "current value outside of valid range".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(Self { state, current })
+    }
+}
+
+// TESTS
+// ================================================================================================
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{Deserializable, FeltRng, RpoRandomCoin, Serializable, ZERO};
+    use crate::ONE;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_feltrng_felt() {
+        let mut rpocoin = RpoRandomCoin::new([ZERO; 4]);
+        let output = rpocoin.draw_element();
+
+        let mut rpocoin = RpoRandomCoin::new([ZERO; 4]);
+        let expected = rpocoin.draw_basefield();
+
+        assert_eq!(output, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_feltrng_word() {
+        let mut rpocoin = RpoRandomCoin::new([ZERO; 4]);
+        let output = rpocoin.draw_word();
+
+        let mut rpocoin = RpoRandomCoin::new([ZERO; 4]);
+        let mut expected = [ZERO; 4];
+        for o in expected.iter_mut() {
+            *o = rpocoin.draw_basefield();
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(output, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_feltrng_serialization() {
+        let coin1 = RpoRandomCoin::from_parts([ONE; 12], 5);
+
+        let bytes = coin1.to_bytes();
+        let coin2 = RpoRandomCoin::read_from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(coin1, coin2);
+    }
+}