arnaucube
arnaucube/poulpyPublic Self-hosted repository
refactor
Jean-Philippe Bossuat jeanphilippe.bossuat@gmail.com
Tue, 27 May 2025 17:49:43 +0200
commit

a295085724578780db3870773774c798adfe5f8b

parent

dec3481a6f6729a4ec669d7453914ef98327a3f7

32 files changed, 838 insertions(+), 1316 deletions(-)

jump to
M backend/src/mat_znx_dft.rs → backend/src/mat_znx_dft.rs 
@@ -152,81 +152,49 @@ }
 }
 
 pub type MatZnxDftOwned<B> = MatZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B>;
+pub type MatZnxDftMut<'a, B> = MatZnxDft<&'a mut [u8], B>;
+pub type MatZnxDftRef<'a, B> = MatZnxDft<&'a [u8], B>;
 
-pub trait MatZnxDftToRef<B: Backend> {
+pub trait MatZnxToRef<B: Backend> {
     fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B>;
 }
 
-pub trait MatZnxDftToMut<B: Backend>: MatZnxDftToRef<B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B>;
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> MatZnxDftToMut<B> for MatZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        MatZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            rows: self.rows,
-            cols_in: self.cols_in,
-            cols_out: self.cols_out,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> MatZnxDftToRef<B> for MatZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> MatZnxToRef<B> for MatZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
         MatZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            rows: self.rows,
-            cols_in: self.cols_in,
-            cols_out: self.cols_out,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> MatZnxDftToMut<B> for MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        MatZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             rows: self.rows,
             cols_in: self.cols_in,
             cols_out: self.cols_out,
             size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> MatZnxDftToRef<B> for MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        MatZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            rows: self.rows,
-            cols_in: self.cols_in,
-            cols_out: self.cols_out,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
+pub trait MatZnxToMut<B: Backend> {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B>;
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> MatZnxDftToRef<B> for MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> MatZnxToMut<B> for MatZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
         MatZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             rows: self.rows,
             cols_in: self.cols_in,
             cols_out: self.cols_out,
             size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
M backend/src/mat_znx_dft_ops.rs → backend/src/mat_znx_dft_ops.rs 
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::ffi::vec_znx_dft::vec_znx_dft_t;
 use crate::ffi::vmp;
 use crate::znx_base::{ZnxInfos, ZnxView, ZnxViewMut};
 use crate::{
-    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOwned, MatZnxDftToMut, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, Scratch, VecZnxDft, VecZnxDftToMut,
+    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOwned, MatZnxToMut, MatZnxToRef, Module, Scratch, VecZnxDft, VecZnxDftToMut,
     VecZnxDftToRef,
 };
 

@@ -47,27 +47,27 @@ /// Prepares the ith-row of [MatZnxDft] from a [VecZnxDft].
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     ///
-    /// * `b`: [MatZnxDft] on which the values are encoded.
+    /// * `res`: [MatZnxDft] on which the values are encoded.
     /// * `a`: the [VecZnxDft] to encode on the [MatZnxDft].
     /// * `row_i`: the index of the row to prepare.
     ///
     /// The size of buf can be obtained with [MatZnxDftOps::vmp_prepare_tmp_bytes].
     fn vmp_prepare_row<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_row: usize, res_col_in: usize, a: &A)
     where
-        R: MatZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
-        A: VecZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>;
+        R: MatZnxToMut<FFT64>,
+        A: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>;
 
     /// Extracts the ith-row of [MatZnxDft] into a [VecZnxDft].
     ///
     /// # Arguments
     ///
-    /// * `b`: the [VecZnxDft] to on which to extract the row of the [MatZnxDft].
+    /// * `res`: the [VecZnxDft] to on which to extract the row of the [MatZnxDft].
     /// * `a`: [MatZnxDft] on which the values are encoded.
     /// * `row_i`: the index of the row to extract.
     fn vmp_extract_row<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, a: &A, a_row: usize, a_col_in: usize)
     where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
-        A: MatZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>;
+        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
+        A: MatZnxToRef<FFT64>;
 
     /// Applies the vector matrix product [VecZnxDft] x [MatZnxDft].
     /// The size of `buf` is given by [MatZnxDftOps::vmp_apply_dft_to_dft_tmp_bytes].

@@ -96,16 +96,16 @@ /// * `b`: the right operand [MatZnxDft] of the vector matrix product.
     /// * `buf`: scratch space, the size can be obtained with [MatZnxDftOps::vmp_apply_dft_to_dft_tmp_bytes].
     fn vmp_apply<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, a: &A, b: &B, scratch: &mut Scratch)
     where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
-        A: VecZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>,
-        B: MatZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>;
+        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
+        A: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+        B: MatZnxToRef<FFT64>;
 
     // Same as [MatZnxDftOps::vmp_apply] except result is added on R instead of overwritting R.
     fn vmp_apply_add<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, a: &A, b: &B, scratch: &mut Scratch)
     where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
-        A: VecZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>,
-        B: MatZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>;
+        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
+        A: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+        B: MatZnxToRef<FFT64>;
 }
 
 impl<B: Backend> MatZnxDftAlloc<B> for Module<B> {

@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@
 impl MatZnxDftOps<FFT64> for Module<FFT64> {
     fn vmp_prepare_row<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_row: usize, res_col_in: usize, a: &A)
     where
-        R: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
+        R: MatZnxToMut<FFT64>,
         A: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
     {
-        let mut res: MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], _> = res.to_mut();
+        let mut res: MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], FFT64> = res.to_mut();
         let a: VecZnxDft<&[u8], _> = a.to_ref();
 
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@
     fn vmp_extract_row<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, a: &A, a_row: usize, a_col_in: usize)
     where
         R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-        A: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+        A: MatZnxToRef<FFT64>,
     {
-        let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], _> = res.to_mut();
+        let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], FFT64> = res.to_mut();
         let a: MatZnxDft<&[u8], _> = a.to_ref();
 
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ fn vmp_apply<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, a: &A, b: &B, scratch: &mut Scratch)
     where
         R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
         A: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        B: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+        B: MatZnxToRef<FFT64>,
     {
         let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], _> = res.to_mut();
         let a: VecZnxDft<&[u8], _> = a.to_ref();

@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ fn vmp_apply_add<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, a: &A, b: &B, scratch: &mut Scratch)
     where
         R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
         A: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        B: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+        B: MatZnxToRef<FFT64>,
     {
         let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], _> = res.to_mut();
         let a: VecZnxDft<&[u8], _> = a.to_ref();
M backend/src/sampling.rs → backend/src/sampling.rs 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ /// Adds a discrete normal vector scaled by 2^{-k} with the provided standard deviation and bounded to \[-bound, bound\].
     fn add_normal(&mut self, basek: usize, col_i: usize, k: usize, source: &mut Source, sigma: f64, bound: f64);
 }
 
-impl<T> FillUniform for VecZnx<T>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> FillUniform for VecZnx<T>
 where
     VecZnx<T>: VecZnxToMut,
 {

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ })
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> FillDistF64 for VecZnx<T>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> FillDistF64 for VecZnx<T>
 where
     VecZnx<T>: VecZnxToMut,
 {

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> AddDistF64 for VecZnx<T>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> AddDistF64 for VecZnx<T>
 where
     VecZnx<T>: VecZnxToMut,
 {

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> FillNormal for VecZnx<T>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> FillNormal for VecZnx<T>
 where
     VecZnx<T>: VecZnxToMut,
 {

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ );
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> AddNormal for VecZnx<T>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> AddNormal for VecZnx<T>
 where
     VecZnx<T>: VecZnxToMut,
 {

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ );
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> FillDistF64 for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> FillDistF64 for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
 where
     VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>: VecZnxBigToMut<FFT64>,
 {

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> AddDistF64 for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> AddDistF64 for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
 where
     VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>: VecZnxBigToMut<FFT64>,
 {

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> FillNormal for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> FillNormal for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
 where
     VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>: VecZnxBigToMut<FFT64>,
 {

@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ );
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> AddNormal for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
+impl<T: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> AddNormal for VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>
 where
     VecZnxBig<T, FFT64>: VecZnxBigToMut<FFT64>,
 {
M backend/src/scalar_znx.rs → backend/src/scalar_znx.rs 
@@ -196,87 +196,43 @@ pub trait ScalarZnxToRef {
     fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnx<&[u8]>;
 }
 
-pub trait ScalarZnxToMut {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]>;
-}
-
-impl ScalarZnxToMut for ScalarZnx<Vec<u8>> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        ScalarZnx {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VecZnxToMut for ScalarZnx<Vec<u8>> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        VecZnx {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: 1,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ScalarZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<Vec<u8>> {
+impl<D> ScalarZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<D>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnx<&[u8]> {
         ScalarZnx {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl VecZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<Vec<u8>> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
-        VecZnx {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: 1,
-        }
-    }
+pub trait ScalarZnxToMut {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]>;
 }
 
-impl ScalarZnxToMut for ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]> {
+impl<D> ScalarZnxToMut for ScalarZnx<D>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+{
     fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]> {
         ScalarZnx {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl VecZnxToMut for ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        VecZnx {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: 1,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ScalarZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnx<&[u8]> {
-        ScalarZnx {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VecZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]> {
+impl<D> VecZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<D>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
         VecZnx {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: 1,

@@ -284,20 +240,13 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl ScalarZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<&[u8]> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnx<&[u8]> {
-        ScalarZnx {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VecZnxToRef for ScalarZnx<&[u8]> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
+impl<D> VecZnxToMut for ScalarZnx<D>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
         VecZnx {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: 1,
M backend/src/scalar_znx_dft.rs → backend/src/scalar_znx_dft.rs 
@@ -113,25 +113,14 @@ pub trait ScalarZnxDftToRef<B: Backend> {
     fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], B>;
 }
 
-pub trait ScalarZnxDftToMut<B: Backend> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B>;
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToMut<B> for ScalarZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        ScalarZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
         ScalarZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             _phantom: PhantomData,

@@ -139,21 +128,18 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToMut<B> for ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        ScalarZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
+pub trait ScalarZnxDftToMut<B: Backend> {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B>;
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToMut<B> for ScalarZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
         ScalarZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             _phantom: PhantomData,

@@ -161,73 +147,34 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        ScalarZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for ScalarZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: 1,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
         VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: 1,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for ScalarZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
     fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
         VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: 1,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: 1,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: 1,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
M backend/src/scalar_znx_dft_ops.rs → backend/src/scalar_znx_dft_ops.rs 
@@ -1,103 +1,105 @@
-use crate::ffi::svp;
-use crate::ffi::vec_znx_dft::vec_znx_dft_t;
-use crate::znx_base::{ZnxInfos, ZnxView, ZnxViewMut};
-use crate::{
-    Backend, FFT64, Module, ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftOwned, ScalarZnxDftToMut, ScalarZnxDftToRef, ScalarZnxToRef, VecZnxDft,
-    VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef,
-};
-
-pub trait ScalarZnxDftAlloc<B: Backend> {
-    fn new_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B>;
-    fn bytes_of_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> usize;
-    fn new_scalar_znx_dft_from_bytes(&self, cols: usize, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B>;
-}
-
-pub trait ScalarZnxDftOps<BACKEND: Backend> {
-    fn svp_prepare<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
-    where
-        R: ScalarZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
-        A: ScalarZnxToRef;
-    fn svp_apply<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize, b: &B, b_col: usize)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
-        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>,
-        B: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>;
-    fn svp_apply_inplace<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
-        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>;
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftAlloc<B> for Module<B> {
-    fn new_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B> {
-        ScalarZnxDftOwned::new(self, cols)
-    }
-
-    fn bytes_of_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> usize {
-        ScalarZnxDftOwned::bytes_of(self, cols)
-    }
-
-    fn new_scalar_znx_dft_from_bytes(&self, cols: usize, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B> {
-        ScalarZnxDftOwned::new_from_bytes(self, cols, bytes)
-    }
-}
-
-impl ScalarZnxDftOps<FFT64> for Module<FFT64> {
-    fn svp_prepare<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
-    where
-        R: ScalarZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-        A: ScalarZnxToRef,
-    {
-        unsafe {
-            svp::svp_prepare(
-                self.ptr,
-                res.to_mut().at_mut_ptr(res_col, 0) as *mut svp::svp_ppol_t,
-                a.to_ref().at_ptr(a_col, 0),
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn svp_apply<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize, b: &B, b_col: usize)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        B: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], FFT64> = res.to_mut();
-        let a: ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], FFT64> = a.to_ref();
-        let b: VecZnxDft<&[u8], FFT64> = b.to_ref();
-        unsafe {
-            svp::svp_apply_dft_to_dft(
-                self.ptr,
-                res.at_mut_ptr(res_col, 0) as *mut vec_znx_dft_t,
-                res.size() as u64,
-                res.cols() as u64,
-                a.at_ptr(a_col, 0) as *const svp::svp_ppol_t,
-                b.at_ptr(b_col, 0) as *const vec_znx_dft_t,
-                b.size() as u64,
-                b.cols() as u64,
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn svp_apply_inplace<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], FFT64> = res.to_mut();
-        let a: ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], FFT64> = a.to_ref();
-        unsafe {
-            svp::svp_apply_dft_to_dft(
-                self.ptr,
-                res.at_mut_ptr(res_col, 0) as *mut vec_znx_dft_t,
-                res.size() as u64,
-                res.cols() as u64,
-                a.at_ptr(a_col, 0) as *const svp::svp_ppol_t,
-                res.at_ptr(res_col, 0) as *const vec_znx_dft_t,
-                res.size() as u64,
-                res.cols() as u64,
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
+use crate::ffi::svp;
+use crate::ffi::vec_znx_dft::vec_znx_dft_t;
+use crate::znx_base::{ZnxInfos, ZnxView, ZnxViewMut};
+use crate::{
+    Backend, FFT64, Module, ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftOwned, ScalarZnxDftToMut, ScalarZnxDftToRef, ScalarZnxToRef, VecZnxDft,
+    VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef,
+};
+
+pub trait ScalarZnxDftAlloc<B: Backend> {
+    fn new_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B>;
+    fn bytes_of_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> usize;
+    fn new_scalar_znx_dft_from_bytes(&self, cols: usize, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B>;
+}
+
+pub trait ScalarZnxDftOps<BACKEND: Backend> {
+    fn svp_prepare<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
+    where
+        R: ScalarZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
+        A: ScalarZnxToRef;
+
+    fn svp_apply<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize, b: &B, b_col: usize)
+    where
+        R: VecZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
+        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>,
+        B: VecZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>;
+
+    fn svp_apply_inplace<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
+    where
+        R: VecZnxDftToMut<BACKEND>,
+        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<BACKEND>;
+}
+
+impl<B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftAlloc<B> for Module<B> {
+    fn new_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B> {
+        ScalarZnxDftOwned::new(self, cols)
+    }
+
+    fn bytes_of_scalar_znx_dft(&self, cols: usize) -> usize {
+        ScalarZnxDftOwned::bytes_of(self, cols)
+    }
+
+    fn new_scalar_znx_dft_from_bytes(&self, cols: usize, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> ScalarZnxDftOwned<B> {
+        ScalarZnxDftOwned::new_from_bytes(self, cols, bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ScalarZnxDftOps<FFT64> for Module<FFT64> {
+    fn svp_prepare<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
+    where
+        R: ScalarZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
+        A: ScalarZnxToRef,
+    {
+        unsafe {
+            svp::svp_prepare(
+                self.ptr,
+                res.to_mut().at_mut_ptr(res_col, 0) as *mut svp::svp_ppol_t,
+                a.to_ref().at_ptr(a_col, 0),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn svp_apply<R, A, B>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize, b: &B, b_col: usize)
+    where
+        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
+        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+        B: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+    {
+        let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], FFT64> = res.to_mut();
+        let a: ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], FFT64> = a.to_ref();
+        let b: VecZnxDft<&[u8], FFT64> = b.to_ref();
+        unsafe {
+            svp::svp_apply_dft_to_dft(
+                self.ptr,
+                res.at_mut_ptr(res_col, 0) as *mut vec_znx_dft_t,
+                res.size() as u64,
+                res.cols() as u64,
+                a.at_ptr(a_col, 0) as *const svp::svp_ppol_t,
+                b.at_ptr(b_col, 0) as *const vec_znx_dft_t,
+                b.size() as u64,
+                b.cols() as u64,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn svp_apply_inplace<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
+    where
+        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
+        A: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+    {
+        let mut res: VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], FFT64> = res.to_mut();
+        let a: ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], FFT64> = a.to_ref();
+        unsafe {
+            svp::svp_apply_dft_to_dft(
+                self.ptr,
+                res.at_mut_ptr(res_col, 0) as *mut vec_znx_dft_t,
+                res.size() as u64,
+                res.cols() as u64,
+                a.at_ptr(a_col, 0) as *const svp::svp_ppol_t,
+                res.at_ptr(res_col, 0) as *const vec_znx_dft_t,
+                res.size() as u64,
+                res.cols() as u64,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
M backend/src/vec_znx.rs → backend/src/vec_znx.rs 
@@ -237,14 +237,15 @@ });
     }
 }
 
-impl<D> VecZnx<D>
+impl<D: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> VecZnx<D>
 where
     VecZnx<D>: VecZnxToMut + ZnxInfos,
 {
     /// Extracts the a_col-th column of 'a' and stores it on the self_col-th column [Self].
-    pub fn extract_column<R>(&mut self, self_col: usize, a: &R, a_col: usize)
+    pub fn extract_column<R>(&mut self, self_col: usize, a: &VecZnx<R>, a_col: usize)
     where
-        R: VecZnxToRef + ZnxInfos,
+        R: AsRef<[u8]>,
+        VecZnx<R>: VecZnxToRef + ZnxInfos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -313,36 +314,13 @@ pub trait VecZnxToRef {
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]>;
 }
 
-pub trait VecZnxToMut: VecZnxToRef {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]>;
-}
-
-impl VecZnxToMut for VecZnx<Vec<u8>> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        VecZnx {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VecZnxToRef for VecZnx<Vec<u8>> {
+impl<D> VecZnxToRef for VecZnx<D>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
         VecZnx {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VecZnxToMut for VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        VecZnx {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: self.size,

@@ -350,21 +328,17 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl VecZnxToRef for VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
-        VecZnx {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-        }
-    }
+pub trait VecZnxToMut {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]>;
 }
 
-impl VecZnxToRef for VecZnx<&[u8]> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
+impl<D> VecZnxToMut for VecZnx<D>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
         VecZnx {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: self.size,

@@ -372,13 +346,9 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> VecZnx<DataSelf>
-where
-    VecZnx<DataSelf>: VecZnxToRef,
-{
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]>> VecZnx<DataSelf> {
     pub fn clone(&self) -> VecZnx<Vec<u8>> {
         let self_ref: VecZnx<&[u8]> = self.to_ref();
-
         VecZnx {
             data: self_ref.data.to_vec(),
             n: self_ref.n,
M backend/src/vec_znx_big.rs → backend/src/vec_znx_big.rs 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<D> VecZnxBig<D, FFT64>
+impl<D: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> VecZnxBig<D, FFT64>
 where
     VecZnxBig<D, FFT64>: VecZnxBigToMut<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
 {

@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ }
     }
 
     /// Extracts the a_col-th column of 'a' and stores it on the self_col-th column [Self].
-    pub fn extract_column<C>(&mut self, self_col: usize, a: &VecZnxBig<C, FFT64>, a_col: usize)
+    pub fn extract_column<C>(&mut self, self_col: usize, a: &C, a_col: usize)
     where
-        VecZnxBig<C, FFT64>: VecZnxBigToRef<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
+        C: VecZnxBigToRef<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -144,66 +144,38 @@ pub trait VecZnxBigToRef<B: Backend> {
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxBig<&[u8], B>;
 }
 
-pub trait VecZnxBigToMut<B: Backend> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], B>;
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxBigToMut<B> for VecZnxBig<Vec<u8>, B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], B> {
-        VecZnxBig {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxBigToRef<B> for VecZnxBig<Vec<u8>, B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> VecZnxBigToRef<B> for VecZnxBig<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxBig<&[u8], B> {
         VecZnxBig {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxBigToMut<B> for VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], B> {
-        VecZnxBig {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxBigToRef<B> for VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxBig<&[u8], B> {
-        VecZnxBig {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
+pub trait VecZnxBigToMut<B: Backend> {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], B>;
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxBigToRef<B> for VecZnxBig<&[u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxBig<&[u8], B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> VecZnxBigToMut<B> for VecZnxBig<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], B> {
         VecZnxBig {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
M backend/src/vec_znx_big_ops.rs → backend/src/vec_znx_big_ops.rs 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ /// * `tmp_bytes`: scratch space of size at least [VecZnxBigOps::vec_znx_big_normalize].
     fn vec_znx_big_normalize<R, A>(&self, basek: usize, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize, scratch: &mut Scratch)
     where
         R: VecZnxToMut,
-        A: VecZnxBigToRef<BACKEND>;
+        A: VecZnxBigToRef<FFT64>;
 
     /// Applies the automorphism X^i -> X^ik on `a` and stores the result on `b`.
     fn vec_znx_big_automorphism<R, A>(&self, k: i64, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)

@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ )
         }
     }
 
-    fn vec_znx_big_negate_inplace<A>(&self, a: &mut A, res_col: usize)
+    fn vec_znx_big_negate_inplace<A>(&self, a: &mut A, a_col: usize)
     where
         A: VecZnxBigToMut<FFT64>,
     {

@@ -513,10 +513,10 @@ }
         unsafe {
             vec_znx::vec_znx_negate(
                 self.ptr,
-                a.at_mut_ptr(res_col, 0),
+                a.at_mut_ptr(a_col, 0),
                 a.size() as u64,
                 a.sl() as u64,
-                a.at_ptr(res_col, 0),
+                a.at_ptr(a_col, 0),
                 a.size() as u64,
                 a.sl() as u64,
             )
M backend/src/vec_znx_dft.rs → backend/src/vec_znx_dft.rs 
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<D> VecZnxDft<D, FFT64>
+impl<D: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> VecZnxDft<D, FFT64>
 where
-    VecZnxDft<D, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
+    VecZnxDft<D, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
 {
     /// Extracts the a_col-th column of 'a' and stores it on the self_col-th column [Self].
-    pub fn extract_column<C>(&mut self, self_col: usize, a: &VecZnxDft<C, FFT64>, a_col: usize)
+    pub fn extract_column<C: AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, self_col: usize, a: &VecZnxDft<C, FFT64>, a_col: usize)
     where
-        VecZnxDft<C, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
+        VecZnxDft<C, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -142,66 +142,38 @@ pub trait VecZnxDftToRef<B: Backend> {
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B>;
 }
 
-pub trait VecZnxDftToMut<B: Backend>: VecZnxDftToRef<B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B>;
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for VecZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_mut_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for VecZnxDft<Vec<u8>, B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for VecZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
     fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
         VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data.as_slice(),
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_ref(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
-            n: self.n,
-            cols: self.cols,
-            size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
+pub trait VecZnxDftToMut<B: Backend> {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B>;
 }
 
-impl<B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
+impl<D, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for VecZnxDft<D, B>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+    B: Backend,
+{
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
         VecZnxDft {
-            data: self.data,
+            data: self.data.as_mut(),
             n: self.n,
             cols: self.cols,
             size: self.size,
-            _phantom: PhantomData,
+            _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
M backend/src/vec_znx_ops.rs → backend/src/vec_znx_ops.rs 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ R: VecZnxToMut,
         A: VecZnxToRef;
 
     /// Adds the selected column of `a` on the selected column and limb of `res`.
-    fn vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, res_limb: usize, a: &A, b_col: usize)
+    fn vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace<R, A>(&self, res: &mut R, res_col: usize, res_limb: usize, a: &A, a_col: usize)
     where
         R: VecZnxToMut,
         A: ScalarZnxToRef;
M core/benches/external_product_glwe_fft64.rs → core/benches/external_product_glwe_fft64.rs 
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ ggsw_ciphertext::GGSWCiphertext,
     glwe_ciphertext::GLWECiphertext,
     keys::{SecretKey, SecretKeyFourier},
 };
-use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use sampling::source::Source;
+use std::hint::black_box;
 
 fn bench_external_product_glwe_fft64(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("external_product_glwe_fft64");
M core/benches/keyswitch_glwe_fft64.rs → core/benches/keyswitch_glwe_fft64.rs 
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ glwe_ciphertext::GLWECiphertext,
     keys::{SecretKey, SecretKeyFourier},
     keyswitch_key::GLWESwitchingKey,
 };
-use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main};
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use sampling::source::Source;
+use std::hint::black_box;
 
 fn bench_keyswitch_glwe_fft64(c: &mut Criterion) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("keyswitch_glwe_fft64");

@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ sk_out.fill_ternary_prob(0.5, &mut source_xs);
         let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out);
         sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-        ksk.encrypt_sk(
+        ksk.generate_from_sk(
             &module,
             &sk_in,
             &sk_out_dft,

@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ sk_out.fill_ternary_prob(0.5, &mut source_xs);
         let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank);
         sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-        ksk.encrypt_sk(
+        ksk.generate_from_sk(
             &module,
             &sk_in,
             &sk_out_dft,
M core/src/automorphism.rs → core/src/automorphism.rs 
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use backend::{
-    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftToMut, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxDftAlloc,
-    ScalarZnxDftOps, ScalarZnxOps, ScalarZnxToRef, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxBigAlloc, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxDftToMut,
-    VecZnxDftToRef, VecZnxOps, ZnxZero,
+    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOps, Module, ScalarZnxDftAlloc, ScalarZnxDftOps, ScalarZnxOps, Scratch, VecZnx,
+    VecZnxBigAlloc, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxOps, ZnxZero,
 };
 use sampling::source::Source;
 

@@ -63,45 +62,27 @@ self.key.rank_out()
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToMut<B> for AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, B>: MatZnxDftToMut<B>,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        self.key.to_mut()
+impl<C: AsRef<[u8]>> GetRow<FFT64> for AutomorphismKey<C, FFT64> {
+    fn get_row<R: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        res: &mut GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_extract_row(&mut res.data, &self.key.0.data, row_i, col_j);
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToRef<B> for AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, B>: MatZnxDftToRef<B>,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        self.key.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> GetRow<FFT64> for AutomorphismKey<C, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn get_row<R>(&self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, res: &mut R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_extract_row(res, self, row_i, col_j);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> SetRow<FFT64> for AutomorphismKey<C, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn set_row<R>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, a: &R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_prepare_row(self, row_i, col_j, a);
+impl<C: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> SetRow<FFT64> for AutomorphismKey<C, FFT64> {
+    fn set_row<R: AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        a: &GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.key.0.data, row_i, col_j, &a.data);
     }
 }
 

@@ -166,11 +147,8 @@ GLWESwitchingKey::external_product_inplace_scratch_space(module, out_size, ggsw_size, rank)
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub fn generate_from_sk<DataSk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn generate_from_sk<DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         p: i64,

@@ -179,9 +157,7 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        ScalarZnx<DataSk>: ScalarZnxToRef,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.n(), module.n());

@@ -209,12 +185,18 @@
         {
             (0..self.rank()).for_each(|i| {
                 let (mut sk_inv_auto, _) = scratch_1.tmp_scalar_znx(module, 1);
-                module.scalar_znx_automorphism(module.galois_element_inv(p), &mut sk_inv_auto, 0, sk, i);
-                module.svp_prepare(&mut sk_out_dft, i, &sk_inv_auto, 0);
+                module.scalar_znx_automorphism(
+                    module.galois_element_inv(p),
+                    &mut sk_inv_auto,
+                    0,
+                    &sk.data,
+                    i,
+                );
+                module.svp_prepare(&mut sk_out_dft.data, i, &sk_inv_auto, 0);
             });
         }
 
-        self.key.encrypt_sk(
+        self.key.generate_from_sk(
             module,
             &sk,
             &sk_out_dft,

@@ -228,20 +210,14 @@ self.p = p;
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub fn automorphism<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn automorphism<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(

@@ -311,8 +287,8 @@
                 // Applies back the automorphism X^{k}: (-pi^{-1}_{k'}(s)a + pi_{k}(s), a) -> (-pi^{-1}_{k'+k}(s)a + s, a)
                 // and switches back to DFT domain
                 (0..self.rank_out() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-                    module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(lhs.p(), &mut tmp_idft, i);
-                    module.vec_znx_dft(&mut tmp_dft, i, &tmp_idft, i);
+                    module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(lhs.p(), &mut tmp_idft.data, i);
+                    module.vec_znx_dft(&mut tmp_dft.data, i, &tmp_idft.data, i);
                 });
 
                 // Sets back the relevant row

@@ -331,65 +307,53 @@
         self.p = (lhs.p * rhs.p) % (module.cyclotomic_order() as i64);
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, FFT64> = self as *mut AutomorphismKey<DataSelf, FFT64>;
             self.automorphism(&module, &*self_ptr, rhs, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.key.keyswitch(module, &lhs.key, rhs, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.key.keyswitch_inplace(module, &rhs.key, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.key.external_product(module, &lhs.key, rhs, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.key.external_product_inplace(module, rhs, scratch);
     }
 }
M core/src/elem.rs → core/src/elem.rs 
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use backend::{Backend, Module, VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef, ZnxInfos};
+use backend::{Backend, Module, ZnxInfos};
 
-use crate::utils::derive_size;
+use crate::{glwe_ciphertext_fourier::GLWECiphertextFourier, utils::derive_size};
 
 pub trait Infos {
     type Inner: ZnxInfos;

@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ fn set_k(&mut self, k: usize);
 }
 
 pub trait GetRow<B: Backend> {
-    fn get_row<R>(&self, module: &Module<B>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, res: &mut R)
+    fn get_row<R>(&self, module: &Module<B>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, res: &mut GLWECiphertextFourier<R, B>)
     where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<B>;
+        R: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>;
 }
 
 pub trait SetRow<B: Backend> {
-    fn set_row<R>(&mut self, module: &Module<B>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, a: &R)
+    fn set_row<R>(&mut self, module: &Module<B>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, a: &GLWECiphertextFourier<R, B>)
     where
-        R: VecZnxDftToRef<B>;
+        R: AsRef<[u8]>;
 }
M core/src/gglwe_ciphertext.rs → core/src/gglwe_ciphertext.rs 
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use backend::{
-    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftAlloc, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftToMut, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxDft,
-    ScalarZnxDftToRef, ScalarZnxToRef, Scratch, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef, VecZnxOps, ZnxInfos,
-    ZnxZero,
+    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftAlloc, MatZnxDftOps, Module, ScalarZnx, Scratch, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxOps,
+    ZnxInfos, ZnxZero,
 };
 use sampling::source::Source;
 

@@ -60,24 +59,6 @@ self.data.cols_out() - 1
     }
 }
 
-impl<C, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToMut<B> for GGLWECiphertext<C, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, B>: MatZnxDftToMut<B>,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToRef<B> for GGLWECiphertext<C, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, B>: MatZnxDftToRef<B>,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
 impl GGLWECiphertext<Vec<u8>, FFT64> {
     pub fn generate_from_sk_scratch_space(module: &Module<FFT64>, rank: usize, size: usize) -> usize {
         GLWECiphertext::encrypt_sk_scratch_space(module, size)

@@ -91,11 +72,8 @@ unimplemented!()
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GGLWECiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
-{
-    pub fn generate_from_sk<DataPt, DataSk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> GGLWECiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn encrypt_sk<DataPt: AsRef<[u8]>, DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: &ScalarZnx<DataPt>,

@@ -104,10 +82,7 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        ScalarZnx<DataPt>: ScalarZnxToRef,
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank_in(), pt.cols());

@@ -171,8 +146,8 @@ (0..cols_in).for_each(|col_i| {
             (0..rows).for_each(|row_i| {
                 // Adds the scalar_znx_pt to the i-th limb of the vec_znx_pt
                 vec_znx_pt.data.zero(); // zeroes for next iteration
-                module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut vec_znx_pt, 0, row_i, pt, col_i); // Selects the i-th
-                module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut vec_znx_pt, 0, scratch_3);
+                module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut vec_znx_pt.data, 0, row_i, pt, col_i); // Selects the i-th
+                module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut vec_znx_pt.data, 0, scratch_3);
 
                 // rlwe encrypt of vec_znx_pt into vec_znx_ct
                 vec_znx_ct.encrypt_sk(

@@ -189,32 +164,32 @@ // Switch vec_znx_ct into DFT domain
                 vec_znx_ct.dft(module, &mut vec_znx_ct_dft);
 
                 // Stores vec_znx_dft_ct into thw i-th row of the MatZnxDft
-                module.vmp_prepare_row(self, row_i, col_i, &vec_znx_ct_dft);
+                module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, col_i, &vec_znx_ct_dft.data);
             });
         });
     }
 }
 
-impl<C> GetRow<FFT64> for GGLWECiphertext<C, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn get_row<R>(&self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, res: &mut R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_extract_row(res, self, row_i, col_j);
+impl<C: AsRef<[u8]>> GetRow<FFT64> for GGLWECiphertext<C, FFT64> {
+    fn get_row<R: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        res: &mut GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_extract_row(&mut res.data, &self.data, row_i, col_j);
     }
 }
 
-impl<C> SetRow<FFT64> for GGLWECiphertext<C, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn set_row<R>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, a: &R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_prepare_row(self, row_i, col_j, a);
+impl<C: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> SetRow<FFT64> for GGLWECiphertext<C, FFT64> {
+    fn set_row<R: AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        a: &GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, col_j, &a.data);
     }
 }
M core/src/ggsw_ciphertext.rs → core/src/ggsw_ciphertext.rs 
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use backend::{
-    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftAlloc, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftScratch, MatZnxDftToMut, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, ScalarZnx,
-    ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftToRef, ScalarZnxToRef, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxBigAlloc, VecZnxBigOps,
-    VecZnxBigScratch, VecZnxDft, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef, VecZnxOps, VecZnxToMut, ZnxInfos,
+    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftAlloc, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftScratch, Module, ScalarZnx, Scratch, VecZnxAlloc,
+    VecZnxBigAlloc, VecZnxBigOps, VecZnxBigScratch, VecZnxDft, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxOps, VecZnxToMut, ZnxInfos,
     ZnxZero,
 };
 use sampling::source::Source;

@@ -53,24 +52,6 @@
 impl<T, B: Backend> GGSWCiphertext<T, B> {
     pub fn rank(&self) -> usize {
         self.data.cols_out() - 1
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToMut<B> for GGSWCiphertext<C, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, B>: MatZnxDftToMut<B>,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToRef<B> for GGSWCiphertext<C, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, B>: MatZnxDftToRef<B>,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
     }
 }
 

@@ -146,7 +127,8 @@ let cols: usize = rank + 1;
         let res: usize = module.bytes_of_vec_znx(cols, out_size);
         let res_dft: usize = module.bytes_of_vec_znx_dft(cols, out_size);
         let ci_dft: usize = module.bytes_of_vec_znx_dft(cols, out_size);
-        let ks_internal: usize = GGSWCiphertext::keyswitch_internal_col0_scratch_space(module, out_size, in_size, auto_key_size, rank);
+        let ks_internal: usize =
+            GGSWCiphertext::keyswitch_internal_col0_scratch_space(module, out_size, in_size, auto_key_size, rank);
         let expand: usize = GGSWCiphertext::expand_row_scratch_space(module, out_size, tensor_key_size, rank);
         res + ci_dft + (ks_internal | expand | res_dft)
     }

@@ -193,11 +175,8 @@ tmp + ggsw
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub fn encrypt_sk<DataPt, DataSk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn encrypt_sk<DataPt: AsRef<[u8]>, DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: &ScalarZnx<DataPt>,

@@ -206,10 +185,7 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        ScalarZnx<DataPt>: ScalarZnxToRef,
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), sk_dft.rank());

@@ -242,8 +218,8 @@ (0..self.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             vec_znx_pt.data.zero();
 
             // Adds the scalar_znx_pt to the i-th limb of the vec_znx_pt
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut vec_znx_pt, 0, row_i, pt, 0);
-            module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut vec_znx_pt, 0, scrach_2);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut vec_znx_pt.data, 0, row_i, pt, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut vec_znx_pt.data, 0, scrach_2);
 
             (0..cols).for_each(|col_j| {
                 // rlwe encrypt of vec_znx_pt into vec_znx_ct

@@ -263,16 +239,16 @@ {
                     let (mut vec_znx_dft_ct, _) = scrach_2.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, cols, size);
 
                     (0..cols).for_each(|i| {
-                        module.vec_znx_dft(&mut vec_znx_dft_ct, i, &vec_znx_ct, i);
+                        module.vec_znx_dft(&mut vec_znx_dft_ct, i, &vec_znx_ct.data, i);
                     });
 
-                    self.set_row(module, row_i, col_j, &vec_znx_dft_ct);
+                    module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, col_j, &vec_znx_dft_ct);
                 }
             });
         });
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn expand_row<R, DataCi, DataTsk>(
+    pub(crate) fn expand_row<R, DataCi: AsRef<[u8]>, DataTsk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         col_j: usize,

@@ -282,8 +258,6 @@ tsk: &TensorKey<DataTsk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
     ) where
         R: VecZnxToMut,
-        VecZnxDft<DataCi, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataTsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
     {
         let cols: usize = self.rank() + 1;
 

@@ -332,14 +306,14 @@ if col_i == 1 {
                     module.vmp_apply(
                         &mut tmp_dft_i,
                         &tmp_dft_col_data,
-                        tsk.at(col_i - 1, col_j - 1), // Selects Enc(s[i]s[j])
+                        &tsk.at(col_i - 1, col_j - 1).0.data, // Selects Enc(s[i]s[j])
                         scratch2,
                     );
                 } else {
                     module.vmp_apply_add(
                         &mut tmp_dft_i,
                         &tmp_dft_col_data,
-                        tsk.at(col_i - 1, col_j - 1), // Selects Enc(s[i]s[j])
+                        &tsk.at(col_i - 1, col_j - 1).0.data, // Selects Enc(s[i]s[j])
                         scratch2,
                     );
                 }

@@ -363,18 +337,14 @@ module.vec_znx_big_normalize(self.basek(), res, i, &tmp_idft, 0, scratch2);
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs, DataKsk, DataTsk>(
+    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataKsk: AsRef<[u8]>, DataTsk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         ksk: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataKsk, FFT64>,
         tsk: &TensorKey<DataTsk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataKsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataTsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         let cols: usize = self.rank() + 1;
 
         let (res_data, scratch1) = scratch.tmp_vec_znx(&module, cols, self.size());

@@ -394,10 +364,10 @@ lhs.keyswitch_internal_col0(module, row_i, &mut res, ksk, scratch2);
 
             // Isolates DFT(a[i])
             (0..cols).for_each(|col_i| {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, col_i, &res, col_i);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, col_i, &res.data, col_i);
             });
 
-            self.set_row(module, row_i, 0, &ci_dft);
+            module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, 0, &ci_dft);
 
             // Generates
             //

@@ -405,46 +375,39 @@ // col 1: (-(b0s0' + b1s1' + b2s2')    , b0 + M[i], b1       , b2       )
             // col 2: (-(c0s0' + c1s1' + c2s2')    , c0       , c1 + M[i], c2       )
             // col 3: (-(d0s0' + d1s1' + d2s2')    , d0       , d1       , d2 + M[i])
             (1..cols).for_each(|col_j| {
-                self.expand_row(module, col_j, &mut res, &ci_dft, tsk, scratch2);
+                self.expand_row(module, col_j, &mut res.data, &ci_dft, tsk, scratch2);
 
                 let (mut res_dft, _) = scratch2.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, cols, self.size());
                 (0..cols).for_each(|i| {
-                    module.vec_znx_dft(&mut res_dft, i, &res, i);
+                    module.vec_znx_dft(&mut res_dft, i, &res.data, i);
                 });
 
-                self.set_row(module, row_i, col_j, &res_dft);
-            })
+                module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, col_j, &res_dft);
+            });
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataKsk, DataTsk>(
+    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataKsk: AsRef<[u8]>, DataTsk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         ksk: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataKsk, FFT64>,
         tsk: &TensorKey<DataTsk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataKsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataTsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64> = self as *mut GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64>;
             self.keyswitch(module, &*self_ptr, ksk, tsk, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism<DataLhs, DataAk, DataTsk>(
+    pub fn automorphism<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataAk: AsRef<[u8]>, DataTsk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         auto_key: &AutomorphismKey<DataAk, FFT64>,
         tensor_key: &TensorKey<DataTsk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataAk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataTsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(

@@ -468,7 +431,17 @@ "ggsw_in rank: {} != tensor_key rank: {}",
                 self.rank(),
                 tensor_key.rank()
             );
-            assert!(scratch.available() >= GGSWCiphertext::automorphism_scratch_space(module, self.size(), lhs.size(), auto_key.size(), tensor_key.size(), self.rank()))
+            assert!(
+                scratch.available()
+                    >= GGSWCiphertext::automorphism_scratch_space(
+                        module,
+                        self.size(),
+                        lhs.size(),
+                        auto_key.size(),
+                        tensor_key.size(),
+                        self.rank()
+                    )
+            )
         };
 
         let cols: usize = self.rank() + 1;

@@ -491,11 +464,11 @@
             // Isolates DFT(AUTO(a[i]))
             (0..cols).for_each(|col_i| {
                 // (-(a0pi^-1(s0) + a1pi^-1(s1) + a2pi^-1(s2)) + M[i], a0, a1, a2) -> (-(a0s0 + a1s1 + a2s2) + pi(M[i]), a0, a1, a2)
-                module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(auto_key.p(), &mut res, col_i);
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, col_i, &res, col_i);
+                module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(auto_key.p(), &mut res.data, col_i);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, col_i, &res.data, col_i);
             });
 
-            self.set_row(module, row_i, 0, &ci_dft);
+            module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, 0, &ci_dft);
 
             // Generates
             //

@@ -503,44 +476,38 @@ // col 1: (-(b0s0 + b1s1 + b2s2)    , b0 + pi(M[i]), b1           , b2           )
             // col 2: (-(c0s0 + c1s1 + c2s2)    , c0           , c1 + pi(M[i]), c2           )
             // col 3: (-(d0s0 + d1s1 + d2s2)    , d0           , d1           , d2 + pi(M[i]))
             (1..cols).for_each(|col_j| {
-                self.expand_row(module, col_j, &mut res, &ci_dft, tensor_key, scratch2);
+                self.expand_row(module, col_j, &mut res.data, &ci_dft, tensor_key, scratch2);
 
                 let (mut res_dft, _) = scratch2.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, cols, self.size());
                 (0..cols).for_each(|i| {
-                    module.vec_znx_dft(&mut res_dft, i, &res, i);
+                    module.vec_znx_dft(&mut res_dft, i, &res.data, i);
                 });
 
-                self.set_row(module, row_i, col_j, &res_dft);
-            })
+                module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, col_j, &res_dft);
+            });
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_inplace<DataKsk, DataTsk>(
+    pub fn automorphism_inplace<DataKsk: AsRef<[u8]>, DataTsk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         auto_key: &AutomorphismKey<DataKsk, FFT64>,
         tensor_key: &TensorKey<DataTsk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataKsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataTsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64> = self as *mut GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64>;
             self.automorphism(module, &*self_ptr, auto_key, tensor_key, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(

@@ -592,14 +559,12 @@ });
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(

@@ -629,26 +594,29 @@ });
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub(crate) fn keyswitch_internal_col0<DataRes, DataKsk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]>> GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub(crate) fn keyswitch_internal_col0<DataRes: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>, DataKsk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         row_i: usize,
         res: &mut GLWECiphertext<DataRes>,
         ksk: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataKsk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataRes>: VecZnxToMut,
-        MatZnxDft<DataKsk, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), ksk.rank());
             assert_eq!(res.rank(), ksk.rank());
-            assert!(scratch.available() >= GGSWCiphertext::keyswitch_internal_col0_scratch_space(module, res.size(), self.size(), ksk.size(), ksk.rank()))
+            assert!(
+                scratch.available()
+                    >= GGSWCiphertext::keyswitch_internal_col0_scratch_space(
+                        module,
+                        res.size(),
+                        self.size(),
+                        ksk.size(),
+                        ksk.rank()
+                    )
+            )
         }
 
         let (tmp_dft_in_data, scratch2) = scratch.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, self.rank() + 1, self.size());

@@ -662,26 +630,26 @@ res.keyswitch_from_fourier(module, &tmp_dft_in, ksk, scratch2);
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GetRow<FFT64> for GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn get_row<R>(&self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, res: &mut R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_extract_row(res, self, row_i, col_j);
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]>> GetRow<FFT64> for GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    fn get_row<R: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        res: &mut GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_extract_row(&mut res.data, &self.data, row_i, col_j);
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> SetRow<FFT64> for GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn set_row<R>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, a: &R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_prepare_row(self, row_i, col_j, a);
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> SetRow<FFT64> for GGSWCiphertext<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    fn set_row<R: AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        a: &GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.data, row_i, col_j, &a.data);
     }
 }
M core/src/glwe_ciphertext.rs → core/src/glwe_ciphertext.rs 
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use backend::{
-    AddNormal, Backend, FFT64, FillUniform, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftScratch, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, ScalarZnxAlloc,
-    ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftAlloc, ScalarZnxDftOps, ScalarZnxDftToRef, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxBig, VecZnxBigAlloc,
-    VecZnxBigOps, VecZnxBigScratch, VecZnxDft, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef, VecZnxOps,
-    VecZnxToMut, VecZnxToRef, ZnxInfos, ZnxZero,
+    AddNormal, Backend, FFT64, FillUniform, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftScratch, Module, ScalarZnxAlloc, ScalarZnxDftAlloc,
+    ScalarZnxDftOps, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxBig, VecZnxBigAlloc, VecZnxBigOps, VecZnxBigScratch, VecZnxDftAlloc,
+    VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxOps, VecZnxToMut, VecZnxToRef, ZnxZero,
 };
 use sampling::source::Source;
 

@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ automorphism::AutomorphismKey,
     elem::{Infos, SetMetaData},
     ggsw_ciphertext::GGSWCiphertext,
     glwe_ciphertext_fourier::GLWECiphertextFourier,
+    glwe_ops::GLWEOps,
     glwe_plaintext::GLWEPlaintext,
     keys::{GLWEPublicKey, SecretDistribution, SecretKeyFourier},
     keyswitch_key::GLWESwitchingKey,

@@ -56,33 +56,9 @@ self.cols() - 1
     }
 }
 
-impl<C> VecZnxToMut for GLWECiphertext<C>
-where
-    VecZnx<C>: VecZnxToMut,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> VecZnxToRef for GLWECiphertext<C>
-where
-    VecZnx<C>: VecZnxToRef,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> GLWECiphertext<C>
-where
-    VecZnx<C>: VecZnxToRef,
-{
+impl<C: AsRef<[u8]>> GLWECiphertext<C> {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn dft<R>(&self, module: &Module<FFT64>, res: &mut GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>)
-    where
-        VecZnxDft<R, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
-    {
+    pub(crate) fn dft<R: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>>(&self, module: &Module<FFT64>, res: &mut GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), res.rank());

@@ -90,7 +66,7 @@ assert_eq!(self.basek(), res.basek())
         }
 
         (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_dft(res, i, self, i);
+            module.vec_znx_dft(&mut res.data, i, &self.data, i);
         })
     }
 }

@@ -199,10 +175,7 @@ GLWECiphertext::external_product_scratch_space(module, out_size, out_rank, out_size, ggsw_size)
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> SetMetaData for GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>
-where
-    VecZnx<DataSelf>: VecZnxToMut,
-{
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> SetMetaData for GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> {
     fn set_k(&mut self, k: usize) {
         self.k = k
     }

@@ -212,11 +185,8 @@ self.basek = basek
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>
-where
-    VecZnx<DataSelf>: VecZnxToMut,
-{
-    pub fn encrypt_sk<DataPt, DataSk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>> GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> {
+    pub fn encrypt_sk<DataPt: AsRef<[u8]>, DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: &GLWEPlaintext<DataPt>,

@@ -225,10 +195,7 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataPt>: VecZnxToRef,
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.encrypt_sk_private(
             module,
             Some((pt, 0)),

@@ -240,7 +207,7 @@ scratch,
         );
     }
 
-    pub fn encrypt_zero_sk<DataSk>(
+    pub fn encrypt_zero_sk<DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         sk_dft: &SecretKeyFourier<DataSk, FFT64>,

@@ -248,13 +215,19 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        self.encrypt_sk_private(module, None, sk_dft, source_xa, source_xe, sigma, scratch);
+    ) {
+        self.encrypt_sk_private(
+            module,
+            None::<(&GLWEPlaintext<Vec<u8>>, usize)>,
+            sk_dft,
+            source_xa,
+            source_xe,
+            sigma,
+            scratch,
+        );
     }
 
-    pub fn encrypt_pk<DataPt, DataPk>(
+    pub fn encrypt_pk<DataPt: AsRef<[u8]>, DataPk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: &GLWEPlaintext<DataPt>,

@@ -263,10 +236,7 @@ source_xu: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataPt>: VecZnxToRef,
-        VecZnxDft<DataPk, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.encrypt_pk_private(
             module,
             Some((pt, 0)),

@@ -278,7 +248,7 @@ scratch,
         );
     }
 
-    pub fn encrypt_zero_pk<DataPk>(
+    pub fn encrypt_zero_pk<DataPk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pk: &GLWEPublicKey<DataPk, FFT64>,

@@ -286,133 +256,116 @@ source_xu: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnxDft<DataPk, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        self.encrypt_pk_private(module, None, pk, source_xu, source_xe, sigma, scratch);
+    ) {
+        self.encrypt_pk_private(
+            module,
+            None::<(&GLWEPlaintext<Vec<u8>>, usize)>,
+            pk,
+            source_xu,
+            source_xe,
+            sigma,
+            scratch,
+        );
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.keyswitch(module, lhs, &rhs.key, scratch);
         (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(rhs.p(), self, i);
+            module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(rhs.p(), &mut self.data, i);
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         self.keyswitch_inplace(module, &rhs.key, scratch);
         (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(rhs.p(), self, i);
+            module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(rhs.p(), &mut self.data, i);
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_add<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_add<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         Self::keyswitch_private::<_, _, 1>(self, rhs.p(), module, lhs, &rhs.key, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_add_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_add_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> = self as *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>;
             Self::keyswitch_private::<_, _, 1>(self, rhs.p(), module, &*self_ptr, &rhs.key, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_sub_ab<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_sub_ab<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         Self::keyswitch_private::<_, _, 2>(self, rhs.p(), module, lhs, &rhs.key, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_sub_ab_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_sub_ab_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> = self as *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>;
             Self::keyswitch_private::<_, _, 2>(self, rhs.p(), module, &*self_ptr, &rhs.key, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_sub_ba<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_sub_ba<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         Self::keyswitch_private::<_, _, 3>(self, rhs.p(), module, lhs, &rhs.key, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn automorphism_sub_ba_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn automorphism_sub_ba_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &AutomorphismKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> = self as *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>;
             Self::keyswitch_private::<_, _, 3>(self, rhs.p(), module, &*self_ptr, &rhs.key, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn keyswitch_from_fourier<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub(crate) fn keyswitch_from_fourier<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertextFourier<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         let basek: usize = self.basek();
 
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

@@ -447,45 +400,39 @@ {
             // Applies VMP
             let (mut ai_dft, scratch2) = scratch1.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, cols_in, lhs.size());
             (0..cols_in).for_each(|col_i| {
-                module.vec_znx_dft_copy(&mut ai_dft, col_i, lhs, col_i + 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft_copy(&mut ai_dft, col_i, &lhs.data, col_i + 1);
             });
-            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, &ai_dft, rhs, scratch2);
+            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, &ai_dft, &rhs.0.data, scratch2);
         }
 
-        module.vec_znx_dft_add_inplace(&mut res_dft, 0, lhs, 0);
+        module.vec_znx_dft_add_inplace(&mut res_dft, 0, &lhs.data, 0);
 
         // Switches result of VMP outside of DFT
         let res_big: VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], FFT64> = module.vec_znx_idft_consume::<&mut [u8]>(res_dft);
 
         (0..cols_out).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, self, i, &res_big, i, scratch1);
+            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut self.data, i, &res_big, i, scratch1);
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         Self::keyswitch_private::<_, _, 0>(self, 0, module, lhs, rhs, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn keyswitch_private<DataLhs, DataRhs, const OP: u8>(
+    pub(crate) fn keyswitch_private<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>, const OP: u8>(
         &mut self,
         apply_auto: i64,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         let basek: usize = self.basek();
 
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

@@ -518,14 +465,14 @@
         {
             let (mut ai_dft, scratch2) = scratch1.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, cols_in, lhs.size());
             (0..cols_in).for_each(|col_i| {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ai_dft, col_i, lhs, col_i + 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ai_dft, col_i, &lhs.data, col_i + 1);
             });
-            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, &ai_dft, rhs, scratch2);
+            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, &ai_dft, &rhs.0.data, scratch2);
         }
 
         let mut res_big: VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], FFT64> = module.vec_znx_idft_consume(res_dft);
 
-        module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut res_big, 0, lhs, 0);
+        module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut res_big, 0, &lhs.data, 0);
 
         (0..cols_out).for_each(|i| {
             if apply_auto != 0 {

@@ -533,39 +480,34 @@ module.vec_znx_big_automorphism_inplace(apply_auto, &mut res_big, i);
             }
 
             match OP {
-                1 => module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut res_big, i, lhs, i),
-                2 => module.vec_znx_big_sub_small_a_inplace(&mut res_big, i, lhs, i),
-                3 => module.vec_znx_big_sub_small_b_inplace(&mut res_big, i, lhs, i),
+                1 => module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut res_big, i, &lhs.data, i),
+                2 => module.vec_znx_big_sub_small_a_inplace(&mut res_big, i, &lhs.data, i),
+                3 => module.vec_znx_big_sub_small_b_inplace(&mut res_big, i, &lhs.data, i),
                 _ => {}
             }
-            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, self, i, &res_big, i, scratch1);
+            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut self.data, i, &res_big, i, scratch1);
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> = self as *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>;
             self.keyswitch(&module, &*self_ptr, rhs, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         let basek: usize = self.basek();
 
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

@@ -586,33 +528,31 @@
         {
             let (mut a_dft, scratch2) = scratch1.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, cols, lhs.size());
             (0..cols).for_each(|col_i| {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut a_dft, col_i, lhs, col_i);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut a_dft, col_i, &lhs.data, col_i);
             });
-            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, &a_dft, rhs, scratch2);
+            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, &a_dft, &rhs.data, scratch2);
         }
 
         let res_big: VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], FFT64> = module.vec_znx_idft_consume(res_dft);
 
         (0..cols).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, self, i, &res_big, i, scratch1);
+            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut self.data, i, &res_big, i, scratch1);
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> = self as *mut GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>;
             self.external_product(&module, &*self_ptr, rhs, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn encrypt_sk_private<DataPt, DataSk>(
+    pub(crate) fn encrypt_sk_private<DataPt: AsRef<[u8]>, DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: Option<(&GLWEPlaintext<DataPt>, usize)>,

@@ -621,10 +561,7 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataPt>: VecZnxToRef,
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), sk_dft.rank());

@@ -660,21 +597,21 @@ // c[i] = uniform
                 self.data.fill_uniform(basek, i, size, source_xa);
 
                 // c[i] = norm(IDFT(DFT(c[i]) * DFT(s[i])))
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, 0, self, i);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut ci_dft, 0, sk_dft, i - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, 0, &self.data, i);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut ci_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, i - 1);
                 let ci_big: VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], FFT64> = module.vec_znx_idft_consume(ci_dft);
 
                 // use c[0] as buffer, which is overwritten later by the normalization step
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, self, 0, &ci_big, 0, scratch_2);
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut self.data, 0, &ci_big, 0, scratch_2);
 
                 // c0_tmp = -c[i] * s[i] (use c[0] as buffer)
-                module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut c0_big, 0, self, 0);
+                module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut c0_big, 0, &self.data, 0);
 
                 // c[i] += m if col = i
                 if let Some((pt, col)) = pt {
                     if i == col {
-                        module.vec_znx_add_inplace(self, i, pt, 0);
-                        module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, self, i, scratch_2);
+                        module.vec_znx_add_inplace(&mut self.data, i, &pt.data, 0);
+                        module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut self.data, i, scratch_2);
                     }
                 }
             });

@@ -686,15 +623,15 @@
         // c[0] += m if col = 0
         if let Some((pt, col)) = pt {
             if col == 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_add_inplace(&mut c0_big, 0, pt, 0);
+                module.vec_znx_add_inplace(&mut c0_big, 0, &pt.data, 0);
             }
         }
 
         // c[0] = norm(c[0])
-        module.vec_znx_normalize(basek, self, 0, &c0_big, 0, scratch_1);
+        module.vec_znx_normalize(basek, &mut self.data, 0, &c0_big, 0, scratch_1);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn encrypt_pk_private<DataPt, DataPk>(
+    pub(crate) fn encrypt_pk_private<DataPt: AsRef<[u8]>, DataPk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: Option<(&GLWEPlaintext<DataPt>, usize)>,

@@ -703,10 +640,7 @@ source_xu: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataPt>: VecZnxToRef,
-        VecZnxDft<DataPk, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.basek(), pk.basek());

@@ -745,7 +679,7 @@ // ct[i] = pk[i] * u + ei (+ m if col = i)
         (0..cols).for_each(|i| {
             let (mut ci_dft, scratch_2) = scratch_1.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, 1, size_pk);
             // ci_dft = DFT(u) * DFT(pk[i])
-            module.svp_apply(&mut ci_dft, 0, &u_dft, 0, pk, i);
+            module.svp_apply(&mut ci_dft, 0, &u_dft, 0, &pk.data.data, i);
 
             // ci_big = u * p[i]
             let mut ci_big = module.vec_znx_idft_consume(ci_dft);

@@ -756,20 +690,17 @@
             // ci_big = u * pk[i] + e + m (if col = i)
             if let Some((pt, col)) = pt {
                 if col == i {
-                    module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut ci_big, 0, pt, 0);
+                    module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut ci_big, 0, &pt.data, 0);
                 }
             }
 
             // ct[i] = norm(ci_big)
-            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, self, i, &ci_big, 0, scratch_2);
+            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut self.data, i, &ci_big, 0, scratch_2);
         });
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>
-where
-    VecZnx<DataSelf>: VecZnxToRef,
-{
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]>> GLWECiphertext<DataSelf> {
     pub fn clone(&self) -> GLWECiphertext<Vec<u8>> {
         GLWECiphertext {
             data: self.data.clone(),

@@ -778,16 +709,13 @@ k: self.k(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn decrypt<DataPt, DataSk>(
+    pub fn decrypt<DataPt: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>, DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: &mut GLWEPlaintext<DataPt>,
         sk_dft: &SecretKeyFourier<DataSk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataPt>: VecZnxToMut,
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), sk_dft.rank());

@@ -805,8 +733,8 @@ {
             (1..cols).for_each(|i| {
                 // ci_dft = DFT(a[i]) * DFT(s[i])
                 let (mut ci_dft, _) = scratch_1.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, 1, self.size()); // TODO optimize size when pt << ct
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, 0, self, i);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut ci_dft, 0, sk_dft, i - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut ci_dft, 0, &self.data, i);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut ci_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, i - 1);
                 let ci_big = module.vec_znx_idft_consume(ci_dft);
 
                 // c0_big += a[i] * s[i]

@@ -815,12 +743,47 @@ });
         }
 
         // c0_big = (a * s) + (-a * s + m + e) = BIG(m + e)
-        module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut c0_big, 0, self, 0);
+        module.vec_znx_big_add_small_inplace(&mut c0_big, 0, &self.data, 0);
 
         // pt = norm(BIG(m + e))
-        module.vec_znx_big_normalize(self.basek(), pt, 0, &mut c0_big, 0, scratch_1);
+        module.vec_znx_big_normalize(self.basek(), &mut pt.data, 0, &mut c0_big, 0, scratch_1);
 
         pt.basek = self.basek();
         pt.k = pt.k().min(self.k());
     }
 }
+
+pub trait GLWECiphertextToRef {
+    fn to_ref(&self) -> GLWECiphertext<&[u8]>;
+}
+
+impl<D: AsRef<[u8]>> GLWECiphertextToRef for GLWECiphertext<D> {
+    fn to_ref(&self) -> GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> {
+        GLWECiphertext {
+            data: self.data.to_ref(),
+            basek: self.basek,
+            k: self.k,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait GLWECiphertextToMut {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]>;
+}
+
+impl<D: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> GLWECiphertextToMut for GLWECiphertext<D> {
+    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> {
+        GLWECiphertext {
+            data: self.data.to_mut(),
+            basek: self.basek,
+            k: self.k,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> GLWEOps for GLWECiphertext<D>
+where
+    D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>,
+    GLWECiphertext<D>: GLWECiphertextToMut + Infos + SetMetaData,
+{
+}
M core/src/glwe_ciphertext_fourier.rs → core/src/glwe_ciphertext_fourier.rs 
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use backend::{
-    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftScratch, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftOps,
-    ScalarZnxDftToRef, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxBig, VecZnxBigAlloc, VecZnxBigOps, VecZnxBigScratch, VecZnxDft,
-    VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef, VecZnxToMut, ZnxZero,
+    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftScratch, Module, ScalarZnxDftOps, Scratch, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxBig, VecZnxBigAlloc,
+    VecZnxBigOps, VecZnxBigScratch, VecZnxDft, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftOps, ZnxZero,
 };
 use sampling::source::Source;
 

@@ -48,24 +47,6 @@ self.cols() - 1
     }
 }
 
-impl<C, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for GLWECiphertextFourier<C, B>
-where
-    VecZnxDft<C, B>: VecZnxDftToMut<B>,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for GLWECiphertextFourier<C, B>
-where
-    VecZnxDft<C, B>: VecZnxDftToRef<B>,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
 impl GLWECiphertextFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) fn idft_scratch_space(module: &Module<FFT64>, size: usize) -> usize {

@@ -124,11 +105,8 @@ Self::external_product_scratch_space(module, out_size, out_size, ggsw_size, rank)
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    VecZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub fn encrypt_zero_sk<DataSk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn encrypt_zero_sk<DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         sk_dft: &SecretKeyFourier<DataSk, FFT64>,

@@ -136,9 +114,7 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         let (vec_znx_tmp, scratch_1) = scratch.tmp_vec_znx(module, self.rank() + 1, self.size());
         let mut ct_idft = GLWECiphertext {
             data: vec_znx_tmp,

@@ -150,16 +126,13 @@
         ct_idft.dft(module, self);
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertextFourier<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         let cols_out: usize = rhs.rank_out() + 1;
 
         // Space fr normalized VMP result outside of DFT domain

@@ -174,34 +147,29 @@
         res_idft.keyswitch_from_fourier(module, lhs, rhs, scratch1);
 
         (0..cols_out).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_dft(self, i, &res_idft, i);
+            module.vec_znx_dft(&mut self.data, i, &res_idft.data, i);
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64> = self as *mut GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64>;
             self.keyswitch(&module, &*self_ptr, rhs, scratch);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWECiphertextFourier<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         let basek: usize = self.basek();
 
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]

@@ -221,7 +189,7 @@ // Space for VMP result in DFT domain and high precision
         let (mut res_dft, scratch1) = scratch.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, cols, rhs.size());
 
         {
-            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, lhs, rhs, scratch1);
+            module.vmp_apply(&mut res_dft, &lhs.data, &rhs.data, scratch1);
         }
 
         // VMP result in high precision

@@ -231,18 +199,16 @@ // Space for VMP result normalized
         let (mut res_small, scratch2) = scratch1.tmp_vec_znx(module, cols, rhs.size());
         (0..cols).for_each(|i| {
             module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut res_small, i, &res_big, i, scratch2);
-            module.vec_znx_dft(self, i, &res_small, i);
+            module.vec_znx_dft(&mut self.data, i, &res_small, i);
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         unsafe {
             let self_ptr: *mut GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64> = self as *mut GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64>;
             self.external_product(&module, &*self_ptr, rhs, scratch);

@@ -250,20 +216,14 @@ }
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    VecZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub fn decrypt<DataPt, DataSk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]>> GLWECiphertextFourier<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn decrypt<DataPt: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>, DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         pt: &mut GLWEPlaintext<DataPt>,
         sk_dft: &SecretKeyFourier<DataSk, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        VecZnx<DataPt>: VecZnxToMut,
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), sk_dft.rank());

@@ -280,7 +240,7 @@
         {
             (1..cols).for_each(|i| {
                 let (mut ci_dft, _) = scratch_1.tmp_vec_znx_dft(module, 1, self.size()); // TODO optimize size when pt << ct
-                module.svp_apply(&mut ci_dft, 0, sk_dft, i - 1, self, i);
+                module.svp_apply(&mut ci_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, i - 1, &self.data, i);
                 let ci_big: VecZnxBig<&mut [u8], FFT64> = module.vec_znx_idft_consume(ci_dft);
                 module.vec_znx_big_add_inplace(&mut pt_big, 0, &ci_big, 0);
             });

@@ -289,22 +249,24 @@
         {
             let (mut c0_big, scratch_2) = scratch_1.tmp_vec_znx_big(module, 1, self.size());
             // c0_big = (a * s) + (-a * s + m + e) = BIG(m + e)
-            module.vec_znx_idft(&mut c0_big, 0, self, 0, scratch_2);
+            module.vec_znx_idft(&mut c0_big, 0, &self.data, 0, scratch_2);
             module.vec_znx_big_add_inplace(&mut pt_big, 0, &c0_big, 0);
         }
 
         // pt = norm(BIG(m + e))
-        module.vec_znx_big_normalize(self.basek(), pt, 0, &mut pt_big, 0, scratch_1);
+        module.vec_znx_big_normalize(self.basek(), &mut pt.data, 0, &mut pt_big, 0, scratch_1);
 
         pt.basek = self.basek();
         pt.k = pt.k().min(self.k());
     }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn idft<DataRes>(&self, module: &Module<FFT64>, res: &mut GLWECiphertext<DataRes>, scratch: &mut Scratch)
-    where
-        GLWECiphertext<DataRes>: VecZnxToMut,
-    {
+    pub(crate) fn idft<DataRes: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>>(
+        &self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        res: &mut GLWECiphertext<DataRes>,
+        scratch: &mut Scratch,
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), res.rank());

@@ -316,8 +278,8 @@
         let (mut res_big, scratch1) = scratch.tmp_vec_znx_big(module, 1, min_size);
 
         (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_idft(&mut res_big, 0, self, i, scratch1);
-            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(self.basek(), res, i, &res_big, 0, scratch1);
+            module.vec_znx_idft(&mut res_big, 0, &self.data, i, scratch1);
+            module.vec_znx_big_normalize(self.basek(), &mut res.data, i, &res_big, 0, scratch1);
         });
     }
 }
M core/src/glwe_ops.rs → core/src/glwe_ops.rs 
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
-use backend::{FFT64, Module, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxOps, VecZnxToMut, VecZnxToRef, ZnxZero};
+use backend::{FFT64, Module, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxOps, ZnxZero};
 
 use crate::{
     elem::{Infos, SetMetaData},
-    glwe_ciphertext::GLWECiphertext,
+    glwe_ciphertext::{GLWECiphertext, GLWECiphertextToMut, GLWECiphertextToRef},
 };
 
-impl<DataSelf> GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>
-where
-    Self: Infos,
-    VecZnx<DataSelf>: VecZnxToMut,
-{
-    pub fn add<A, B>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A, b: &B)
+pub trait GLWEOps: GLWECiphertextToMut + Infos + SetMetaData {
+    fn add<A, B>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A, b: &B)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
-        B: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
+        B: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -28,25 +24,28 @@ let min_col: usize = a.rank().min(b.rank()) + 1;
         let max_col: usize = a.rank().max(b.rank() + 1);
         let self_col: usize = self.rank() + 1;
 
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
+        let b_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &b.to_ref();
+
         (0..min_col).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add(self, i, a, i, b, i);
+            module.vec_znx_add(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i, &b_ref.data, i);
         });
 
         if a.rank() > b.rank() {
             (min_col..max_col).for_each(|i| {
-                module.vec_znx_copy(self, i, a, i);
+                module.vec_znx_copy(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i);
             });
         } else {
             (min_col..max_col).for_each(|i| {
-                module.vec_znx_copy(self, i, b, i);
+                module.vec_znx_copy(&mut self_mut.data, i, &b_ref.data, i);
             });
         }
 
-        let size: usize = self.size();
-        let mut self_mut: VecZnx<&mut [u8]> = self.to_mut();
+        let size: usize = self_mut.size();
         (max_col..self_col).for_each(|i| {
             (0..size).for_each(|j| {
-                self_mut.zero_at(i, j);
+                self_mut.data.zero_at(i, j);
             });
         });
 

@@ -54,9 +53,9 @@ self.set_basek(a.basek());
         self.set_k(a.k().max(b.k()));
     }
 
-    pub fn add_inplace<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
+    fn add_inplace<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -66,17 +65,20 @@ assert_eq!(self.basek(), a.basek());
             assert!(self.rank() >= a.rank())
         }
 
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
+
         (0..a.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_inplace(self, i, a, i);
+            module.vec_znx_add_inplace(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i);
         });
 
         self.set_k(a.k().max(self.k()));
     }
 
-    pub fn sub<A, B>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A, b: &B)
+    fn sub<A, B>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A, b: &B)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
-        B: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
+        B: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -91,26 +93,29 @@ let min_col: usize = a.rank().min(b.rank()) + 1;
         let max_col: usize = a.rank().max(b.rank() + 1);
         let self_col: usize = self.rank() + 1;
 
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
+        let b_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &b.to_ref();
+
         (0..min_col).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_sub(self, i, a, i, b, i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i, &b_ref.data, i);
         });
 
         if a.rank() > b.rank() {
             (min_col..max_col).for_each(|i| {
-                module.vec_znx_copy(self, i, a, i);
+                module.vec_znx_copy(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i);
             });
         } else {
             (min_col..max_col).for_each(|i| {
-                module.vec_znx_copy(self, i, b, i);
-                module.vec_znx_negate_inplace(self, i);
+                module.vec_znx_copy(&mut self_mut.data, i, &b_ref.data, i);
+                module.vec_znx_negate_inplace(&mut self_mut.data, i);
             });
         }
 
-        let size: usize = self.size();
-        let mut self_mut: VecZnx<&mut [u8]> = self.to_mut();
+        let size: usize = self_mut.size();
         (max_col..self_col).for_each(|i| {
             (0..size).for_each(|j| {
-                self_mut.zero_at(i, j);
+                self_mut.data.zero_at(i, j);
             });
         });
 

@@ -118,9 +123,9 @@ self.set_basek(a.basek());
         self.set_k(a.k().max(b.k()));
     }
 
-    pub fn sub_inplace_ab<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
+    fn sub_inplace_ab<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -130,16 +135,19 @@ assert_eq!(self.basek(), a.basek());
             assert!(self.rank() >= a.rank())
         }
 
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
+
         (0..a.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(self, i, a, i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i);
         });
 
         self.set_k(a.k().max(self.k()));
     }
 
-    pub fn sub_inplace_ba<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
+    fn sub_inplace_ba<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -149,16 +157,19 @@ assert_eq!(self.basek(), a.basek());
             assert!(self.rank() >= a.rank())
         }
 
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
+
         (0..a.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ba_inplace(self, i, a, i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ba_inplace(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i);
         });
 
         self.set_k(a.k().max(self.k()));
     }
 
-    pub fn rotate<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, k: i64, a: &A)
+    fn rotate<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, k: i64, a: &A)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -166,29 +177,34 @@ assert_eq!(a.n(), module.n());
             assert_eq!(self.n(), module.n());
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), a.rank())
         }
+
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
 
         (0..a.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_rotate(k, self, i, a, i);
+            module.vec_znx_rotate(k, &mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i);
         });
 
         self.set_basek(a.basek());
         self.set_k(a.k());
     }
 
-    pub fn rotate_inplace(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, k: i64) {
+    fn rotate_inplace(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, k: i64) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.n(), module.n());
         }
 
-        (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k, self, i);
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+
+        (0..self_mut.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
+            module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k, &mut self_mut.data, i);
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn copy<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
+    fn copy<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToRef + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -197,23 +213,26 @@ assert_eq!(a.n(), module.n());
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), a.rank());
         }
 
-        (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_copy(self, i, a, i);
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
+
+        (0..self_mut.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
+            module.vec_znx_copy(&mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i);
         });
 
         self.set_k(a.k());
         self.set_basek(a.basek());
     }
 
-    pub fn rsh(&mut self, k: usize, scratch: &mut Scratch) {
+    fn rsh(&mut self, k: usize, scratch: &mut Scratch) {
         let basek: usize = self.basek();
-        let mut self_mut: VecZnx<&mut [u8]> = self.to_mut();
-        self_mut.rsh(basek, k, scratch);
+        let mut self_mut: GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = self.to_mut();
+        self_mut.data.rsh(basek, k, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn normalize<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A, scratch: &mut Scratch)
+    fn normalize<A>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, a: &A, scratch: &mut Scratch)
     where
-        A: VecZnxToMut + Infos,
+        A: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {

@@ -222,20 +241,24 @@ assert_eq!(a.n(), module.n());
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), a.rank());
         }
 
-        (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_normalize(a.basek(), self, i, a, i, scratch);
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        let a_ref: &GLWECiphertext<&[u8]> = &a.to_ref();
+
+        (0..self_mut.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
+            module.vec_znx_normalize(a.basek(), &mut self_mut.data, i, &a_ref.data, i, scratch);
         });
         self.set_basek(a.basek());
         self.set_k(a.k());
     }
 
-    pub fn normalize_inplace(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, scratch: &mut Scratch) {
+    fn normalize_inplace(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, scratch: &mut Scratch) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.n(), module.n());
         }
-        (0..self.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
-            module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(self.basek(), self, i, scratch);
+        let self_mut: &mut GLWECiphertext<&mut [u8]> = &mut self.to_mut();
+        (0..self_mut.rank() + 1).for_each(|i| {
+            module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(self_mut.basek(), &mut self_mut.data, i, scratch);
         });
     }
 }
M core/src/glwe_plaintext.rs → core/src/glwe_plaintext.rs 
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use backend::{Backend, Module, VecZnx, VecZnxAlloc, VecZnxToMut, VecZnxToRef};
+use backend::{Backend, Module, VecZnx, VecZnxAlloc};
 
 use crate::{elem::Infos, utils::derive_size};
 

@@ -21,24 +21,6 @@ }
 
     fn k(&self) -> usize {
         self.k
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> VecZnxToMut for GLWEPlaintext<C>
-where
-    VecZnx<C>: VecZnxToMut,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> VecZnxToRef for GLWEPlaintext<C>
-where
-    VecZnx<C>: VecZnxToRef,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnx<&[u8]> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
     }
 }
M core/src/keys.rs → core/src/keys.rs 
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use backend::{
-    Backend, FFT64, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxAlloc, ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftAlloc, ScalarZnxDftOps, ScalarZnxDftToMut,
-    ScalarZnxDftToRef, ScalarZnxToMut, ScalarZnxToRef, ScratchOwned, VecZnxDft, VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef, ZnxInfos,
-    ZnxZero,
+    Backend, FFT64, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxAlloc, ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftAlloc, ScalarZnxDftOps, ScratchOwned, VecZnxDft,
+    ZnxInfos, ZnxZero,
 };
 use sampling::source::Source;
 

@@ -43,10 +42,7 @@ self.data.cols()
     }
 }
 
-impl<S> SecretKey<S>
-where
-    S: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>,
-{
+impl<S: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> SecretKey<S> {
     pub fn fill_ternary_prob(&mut self, prob: f64, source: &mut Source) {
         (0..self.rank()).for_each(|i| {
             self.data.fill_ternary_prob(i, prob, source);

@@ -67,24 +63,6 @@ self.dist = SecretDistribution::ZERO;
     }
 }
 
-impl<C> ScalarZnxToMut for SecretKey<C>
-where
-    ScalarZnx<C>: ScalarZnxToMut,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnx<&mut [u8]> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> ScalarZnxToRef for SecretKey<C>
-where
-    ScalarZnx<C>: ScalarZnxToRef,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnx<&[u8]> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct SecretKeyFourier<T, B: Backend> {
     pub data: ScalarZnxDft<T, B>,
     pub dist: SecretDistribution,

@@ -111,12 +89,10 @@ data: module.new_scalar_znx_dft(rank),
             dist: SecretDistribution::NONE,
         }
     }
+}
 
-    pub fn dft<S>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, sk: &SecretKey<S>)
-    where
-        SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, B>: ScalarZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-        SecretKey<S>: ScalarZnxToRef,
-    {
+impl<D: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>> SecretKeyFourier<D, FFT64> {
+    pub fn dft<S: AsRef<[u8]>>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, sk: &SecretKey<S>) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             match sk.dist {

@@ -130,30 +106,12 @@ assert_eq!(self.rank(), sk.rank());
         }
 
         (0..self.rank()).for_each(|i| {
-            module.svp_prepare(self, i, sk, i);
+            module.svp_prepare(&mut self.data, i, &sk.data, i);
         });
         self.dist = sk.dist;
     }
 }
 
-impl<C, B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToMut<B> for SecretKeyFourier<C, B>
-where
-    ScalarZnxDft<C, B>: ScalarZnxDftToMut<B>,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C, B: Backend> ScalarZnxDftToRef<B> for SecretKeyFourier<C, B>
-where
-    ScalarZnxDft<C, B>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<B>,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> ScalarZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct GLWEPublicKey<D, B: Backend> {
     pub data: GLWECiphertextFourier<D, B>,
     pub dist: SecretDistribution,

@@ -190,36 +148,15 @@ self.cols() - 1
     }
 }
 
-impl<C, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToMut<B> for GLWEPublicKey<C, B>
-where
-    VecZnxDft<C, B>: VecZnxDftToMut<B>,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> VecZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_mut()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C, B: Backend> VecZnxDftToRef<B> for GLWEPublicKey<C, B>
-where
-    VecZnxDft<C, B>: VecZnxDftToRef<B>,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> VecZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        self.data.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> GLWEPublicKey<C, FFT64> {
-    pub fn generate_from_sk<S>(
+impl<C: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>> GLWEPublicKey<C, FFT64> {
+    pub fn generate_from_sk<S: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         sk_dft: &SecretKeyFourier<S, FFT64>,
         source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
-    ) where
-        VecZnxDft<C, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-        ScalarZnxDft<S, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64> + ZnxInfos,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             match sk_dft.dist {
M core/src/keyswitch_key.rs → core/src/keyswitch_key.rs 
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use backend::{
-    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOps, MatZnxDftToMut, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftToRef,
-    ScalarZnxToRef, Scratch, VecZnxDftAlloc, VecZnxDftToMut, VecZnxDftToRef, ZnxZero,
-};
+use backend::{Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftOps, Module, Scratch, VecZnxDftAlloc, ZnxZero};
 use sampling::source::Source;
 
 use crate::{

@@ -52,45 +49,27 @@ self.0.data.cols_out() - 1
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToMut<B> for GLWESwitchingKey<DataSelf, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, B>: MatZnxDftToMut<B>,
-{
-    fn to_mut(&mut self) -> MatZnxDft<&mut [u8], B> {
-        self.0.data.to_mut()
+impl<C: AsRef<[u8]>> GetRow<FFT64> for GLWESwitchingKey<C, FFT64> {
+    fn get_row<R: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        res: &mut GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_extract_row(&mut res.data, &self.0.data, row_i, col_j);
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf, B: Backend> MatZnxDftToRef<B> for GLWESwitchingKey<DataSelf, B>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, B>: MatZnxDftToRef<B>,
-{
-    fn to_ref(&self) -> MatZnxDft<&[u8], B> {
-        self.0.data.to_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> GetRow<FFT64> for GLWESwitchingKey<C, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn get_row<R>(&self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, res: &mut R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_extract_row(res, self, row_i, col_j);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<C> SetRow<FFT64> for GLWESwitchingKey<C, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<C, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    fn set_row<R>(&mut self, module: &Module<FFT64>, row_i: usize, col_j: usize, a: &R)
-    where
-        R: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        module.vmp_prepare_row(self, row_i, col_j, a);
+impl<C: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> SetRow<FFT64> for GLWESwitchingKey<C, FFT64> {
+    fn set_row<R: AsRef<[u8]>>(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &Module<FFT64>,
+        row_i: usize,
+        col_j: usize,
+        a: &GLWECiphertextFourier<R, FFT64>,
+    ) {
+        module.vmp_prepare_row(&mut self.0.data, row_i, col_j, &a.data);
     }
 }
 

@@ -147,11 +126,8 @@ let ggsw: usize = GLWECiphertextFourier::external_product_inplace_scratch_space(module, out_size, ggsw_size, rank);
         tmp + ggsw
     }
 }
-impl<DataSelf> GLWESwitchingKey<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub fn encrypt_sk<DataSkIn, DataSkOut>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> GLWESwitchingKey<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn generate_from_sk<DataSkIn: AsRef<[u8]>, DataSkOut: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         sk_in: &SecretKey<DataSkIn>,

@@ -160,11 +136,8 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        ScalarZnx<DataSkIn>: ScalarZnxToRef,
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSkOut, FFT64>: ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
-        self.0.generate_from_sk(
+    ) {
+        self.0.encrypt_sk(
             module,
             &sk_in.data,
             sk_out_dft,

@@ -175,16 +148,13 @@ scratch,
         );
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(

@@ -243,14 +213,12 @@ });
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn keyswitch_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(

@@ -279,16 +247,13 @@ });
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product<DataLhs, DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         lhs: &GLWESwitchingKey<DataLhs, FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataLhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(

@@ -347,14 +312,12 @@ });
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs>(
+    pub fn external_product_inplace<DataRhs: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         rhs: &GGSWCiphertext<DataRhs, FFT64>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataRhs, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(
M core/src/tensor_key.rs → core/src/tensor_key.rs 
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use backend::{
-    Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftToMut, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxDft, ScalarZnxDftAlloc,
-    ScalarZnxDftOps, ScalarZnxDftToRef, Scratch, VecZnxDftOps, VecZnxDftToRef,
-};
+use backend::{Backend, FFT64, MatZnxDft, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxDftAlloc, ScalarZnxDftOps, Scratch, VecZnxDftOps};
 use sampling::source::Source;
 
 use crate::{

@@ -61,11 +58,8 @@ module.bytes_of_scalar_znx_dft(1) + GLWESwitchingKey::encrypt_sk_scratch_space(module, rank, size)
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> TensorKey<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToMut<FFT64>,
-{
-    pub fn generate_from_sk<DataSk>(
+impl<DataSelf: AsMut<[u8]> + AsRef<[u8]>> TensorKey<DataSelf, FFT64> {
+    pub fn generate_from_sk<DataSk: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         sk_dft: &SecretKeyFourier<DataSk, FFT64>,

@@ -73,9 +67,7 @@ source_xa: &mut Source,
         source_xe: &mut Source,
         sigma: f64,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        ScalarZnxDft<DataSk, FFT64>: VecZnxDftToRef<FFT64> + ScalarZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert_eq!(self.rank(), sk_dft.rank());

@@ -98,7 +90,7 @@ data: sk_ij,
                     dist: sk_dft.dist,
                 };
 
-                self.at_mut(i, j).encrypt_sk(
+                self.at_mut(i, j).generate_from_sk(
                     module, &sk_ij, sk_dft, source_xa, source_xe, sigma, scratch1,
                 );
             });

@@ -115,10 +107,7 @@ &mut self.keys[i * rank + j - (i * (i + 1) / 2)]
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> TensorKey<DataSelf, FFT64>
-where
-    MatZnxDft<DataSelf, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-{
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]>> TensorKey<DataSelf, FFT64> {
     // Returns a reference to GLWESwitchingKey_{s}(s[i] * s[j])
     pub fn at(&self, mut i: usize, mut j: usize) -> &GLWESwitchingKey<DataSelf, FFT64> {
         if i > j {
M core/src/test_fft64/automorphism_key.rs → core/src/test_fft64/automorphism_key.rs 
@@ -87,7 +87,13 @@
     let mut sk_auto: SecretKey<Vec<u8>> = SecretKey::alloc(&module, rank);
     sk_auto.fill_zero(); // Necessary to avoid panic of unfilled sk
     (0..rank).for_each(|i| {
-        module.scalar_znx_automorphism(module.galois_element_inv(p0 * p1), &mut sk_auto, i, &sk, i);
+        module.scalar_znx_automorphism(
+            module.galois_element_inv(p0 * p1),
+            &mut sk_auto.data,
+            i,
+            &sk.data,
+            i,
+        );
     });
 
     let mut sk_auto_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank);

@@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ (0..auto_key_out.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             auto_key_out.get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_dft);
 
             ct_glwe_dft.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_auto_dft, scratch.borrow());
-            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk, col_i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk.data, col_i);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -178,7 +184,13 @@
     let mut sk_auto: SecretKey<Vec<u8>> = SecretKey::alloc(&module, rank);
     sk_auto.fill_zero(); // Necessary to avoid panic of unfilled sk
     (0..rank).for_each(|i| {
-        module.scalar_znx_automorphism(module.galois_element_inv(p0 * p1), &mut sk_auto, i, &sk, i);
+        module.scalar_znx_automorphism(
+            module.galois_element_inv(p0 * p1),
+            &mut sk_auto.data,
+            i,
+            &sk.data,
+            i,
+        );
     });
 
     let mut sk_auto_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank);

@@ -189,7 +201,7 @@ (0..auto_key.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             auto_key.get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_dft);
 
             ct_glwe_dft.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_auto_dft, scratch.borrow());
-            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk, col_i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk.data, col_i);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(
M core/src/test_fft64/gglwe.rs → core/src/test_fft64/gglwe.rs 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
     let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-    ksk.encrypt_sk(
+    ksk.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ (0..ksk.rank_in()).for_each(|col_i| {
         (0..ksk.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             ksk.get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
-            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk_in, col_i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk_in.data, col_i);
             let std_pt: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek) * (k_ksk as f64).exp2();
             assert!((sigma - std_pt).abs() <= 0.2, "{} {}", sigma, std_pt);
         });

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ let mut sk2_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out_s1s2);
     sk2_dft.dft(&module, &sk2);
 
     // gglwe_{s1}(s0) = s0 -> s1
-    ct_gglwe_s0s1.encrypt_sk(
+    ct_gglwe_s0s1.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk0,
         &sk1_dft,

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ scratch.borrow(),
     );
 
     // gglwe_{s2}(s1) -> s1 -> s2
-    ct_gglwe_s1s2.encrypt_sk(
+    ct_gglwe_s1s2.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk1,
         &sk2_dft,

@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ (0..ct_gglwe_s0s2.rank_in()).for_each(|col_i| {
         (0..ct_gglwe_s0s2.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             ct_gglwe_s0s2.get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_dft);
             ct_glwe_dft.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk2_dft, scratch.borrow());
-            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk0, col_i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk0.data, col_i);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ let mut sk2_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out_s0s1);
     sk2_dft.dft(&module, &sk2);
 
     // gglwe_{s1}(s0) = s0 -> s1
-    ct_gglwe_s0s1.encrypt_sk(
+    ct_gglwe_s0s1.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk0,
         &sk1_dft,

@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ scratch.borrow(),
     );
 
     // gglwe_{s2}(s1) -> s1 -> s2
-    ct_gglwe_s1s2.encrypt_sk(
+    ct_gglwe_s1s2.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk1,
         &sk2_dft,

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ (0..ct_gglwe_s0s2.rank_in()).for_each(|col_i| {
         (0..ct_gglwe_s0s2.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             ct_gglwe_s0s2.get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_dft);
             ct_glwe_dft.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk2_dft, scratch.borrow());
-            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk0, col_i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk0.data, col_i);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
     // gglwe_{s1}(s0) = s0 -> s1
-    ct_gglwe_in.encrypt_sk(
+    ct_gglwe_in.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ (0..rank_in).for_each(|col_i| {
         (0..ct_gglwe_out.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             ct_gglwe_out.get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_dft);
             ct_glwe_dft.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
-            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk_in, col_i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk_in.data, col_i);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
 

@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
     // gglwe_{s1}(s0) = s0 -> s1
-    ct_gglwe.encrypt_sk(
+    ct_gglwe.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ (0..rank_in).for_each(|col_i| {
         (0..ct_gglwe.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
             ct_gglwe.get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_dft);
             ct_glwe_dft.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
-            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk_in, col_i);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk_in.data, col_i);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
M core/src/test_fft64/ggsw.rs → core/src/test_fft64/ggsw.rs 
@@ -116,21 +116,21 @@ let mut pt_big: VecZnxBig<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = module.new_vec_znx_big(1, ct.size());
 
     (0..ct.rank() + 1).for_each(|col_j| {
         (0..ct.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
 
             // mul with sk[col_j-1]
             if col_j > 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft, col_j - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, col_j - 1);
                 module.vec_znx_idft_tmp_a(&mut pt_big, 0, &mut pt_dft, 0);
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
             }
 
             ct.get_row(&module, row_i, col_j, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
 
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
             let std_pt: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek) * (k_ggsw as f64).exp2();
             assert!((sigma - std_pt).abs() <= 0.2, "{} {}", sigma, std_pt);

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
     let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-    ksk.encrypt_sk(
+    ksk.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -223,21 +223,21 @@ let mut pt_big: VecZnxBig<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = module.new_vec_znx_big(1, ct_out.size());
 
     (0..ct_out.rank() + 1).for_each(|col_j| {
         (0..ct_out.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
 
             // mul with sk[col_j-1]
             if col_j > 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_out_dft, col_j - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_out_dft.data, col_j - 1);
                 module.vec_znx_idft_tmp_a(&mut pt_big, 0, &mut pt_dft, 0);
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
             }
 
             ct_out.get_row(&module, row_i, col_j, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
 
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = noise_ggsw_keyswitch(

@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
     let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-    ksk.encrypt_sk(
+    ksk.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -342,21 +342,21 @@ let mut pt_big: VecZnxBig<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = module.new_vec_znx_big(1, ct.size());
 
     (0..ct.rank() + 1).for_each(|col_j| {
         (0..ct.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
 
             // mul with sk[col_j-1]
             if col_j > 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_out_dft, col_j - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_out_dft.data, col_j - 1);
                 module.vec_znx_idft_tmp_a(&mut pt_big, 0, &mut pt_dft, 0);
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
             }
 
             ct.get_row(&module, row_i, col_j, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
 
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = noise_ggsw_keyswitch(

@@ -514,21 +514,21 @@ let mut pt_big: VecZnxBig<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = module.new_vec_znx_big(1, ct_out.size());
 
     (0..ct_out.rank() + 1).for_each(|col_j| {
         (0..ct_out.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
 
             // mul with sk[col_j-1]
             if col_j > 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft, col_j - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, col_j - 1);
                 module.vec_znx_idft_tmp_a(&mut pt_big, 0, &mut pt_dft, 0);
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
             }
 
             ct_out.get_row(&module, row_i, col_j, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
 
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = noise_ggsw_keyswitch(

@@ -627,21 +627,21 @@ let mut pt_big: VecZnxBig<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = module.new_vec_znx_big(1, ct.size());
 
     (0..ct.rank() + 1).for_each(|col_j| {
         (0..ct.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, row_i, &pt_scalar, 0);
 
             // mul with sk[col_j-1]
             if col_j > 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft, col_j - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, col_j - 1);
                 module.vec_znx_idft_tmp_a(&mut pt_big, 0, &mut pt_dft, 0);
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
             }
 
             ct.get_row(&module, row_i, col_j, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
 
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
             let noise_want: f64 = noise_ggsw_keyswitch(

@@ -740,19 +740,19 @@ module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_ggsw_lhs, 0);
 
     (0..ct_ggsw_lhs_out.rank() + 1).for_each(|col_j| {
         (0..ct_ggsw_lhs_out.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, row_i, &pt_ggsw_lhs, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, row_i, &pt_ggsw_lhs, 0);
 
             if col_j > 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft, col_j - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, col_j - 1);
                 module.vec_znx_idft_tmp_a(&mut pt_big, 0, &mut pt_dft, 0);
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
             }
 
             ct_ggsw_lhs_out.get_row(&module, row_i, col_j, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
 

@@ -853,19 +853,19 @@ module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_ggsw_lhs, 0);
 
     (0..ct_ggsw_lhs.rank() + 1).for_each(|col_j| {
         (0..ct_ggsw_lhs.rows()).for_each(|row_i| {
-            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, row_i, &pt_ggsw_lhs, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_add_scalar_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, row_i, &pt_ggsw_lhs, 0);
 
             if col_j > 0 {
-                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft, col_j - 1);
+                module.vec_znx_dft(&mut pt_dft, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+                module.svp_apply_inplace(&mut pt_dft, 0, &sk_dft.data, col_j - 1);
                 module.vec_znx_idft_tmp_a(&mut pt_big, 0, &mut pt_dft, 0);
-                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
+                module.vec_znx_big_normalize(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_big, 0, scratch.borrow());
             }
 
             ct_ggsw_lhs.get_row(&module, row_i, col_j, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
             ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+            module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
             let noise_have: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek).log2();
M core/src/test_fft64/glwe.rs → core/src/test_fft64/glwe.rs 
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use backend::{
-    Decoding, Encoding, FFT64, FillUniform, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxAlloc, ScratchOwned, Stats, VecZnxOps, VecZnxToMut,
-    ZnxViewMut, ZnxZero,
+    Decoding, Encoding, FFT64, FillUniform, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxAlloc, ScratchOwned, Stats, VecZnxOps, ZnxViewMut,
+    ZnxZero,
 };
 use itertools::izip;
 use sampling::source::Source;

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ let mut pt_have: GLWEPlaintext<Vec<u8>> = GLWEPlaintext::alloc(&module, basek, k_ct);
 
     ct.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, &pt_have, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_have.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_want.data.std(0, basek).log2();
     let noise_want: f64 = ((((rank as f64) + 1.0) * module.n() as f64 * 0.5 * sigma * sigma).sqrt()).log2() - (k_ct as f64);

@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
     let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-    ksk.encrypt_sk(
+    ksk.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ ct_out.keyswitch(&module, &ct_in, &ksk, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct_out.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
     let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@
     let mut sk1_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank);
     sk1_dft.dft(&module, &sk1);
 
-    ct_grlwe.encrypt_sk(
+    ct_grlwe.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk0,
         &sk1_dft,

@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ ct_rlwe.keyswitch_inplace(&module, &ct_grlwe, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct_rlwe.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk1_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
     let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -494,9 +494,9 @@ );
 
     ct_out.automorphism(&module, &ct_in, &autokey, scratch.borrow());
     ct_out.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
-    module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(p, &mut pt_want, 0);
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-    module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut pt_have, 0, scratch.borrow());
+    module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(p, &mut pt_want.data, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut pt_have.data, 0, scratch.borrow());
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
 

@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ );
 
     ct.automorphism_inplace(&module, &autokey, scratch.borrow());
     ct.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
-    module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(p, &mut pt_want, 0);
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
-    module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut pt_have, 0, scratch.borrow());
+    module.vec_znx_automorphism_inplace(p, &mut pt_want.data, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut pt_have.data, 0, scratch.borrow());
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
     let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ pt_want
         .data
         .fill_uniform(basek, 0, pt_want.size(), &mut source_xa);
 
-    pt_want.to_mut().at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
+    pt_want.data.at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
 
     let k: usize = 1;
 

@@ -672,9 +672,9 @@ ct_rlwe_out.external_product(&module, &ct_rlwe_in, &ct_rgsw, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct_rlwe_out.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want.data, 0);
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
 

@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ pt_want
         .data
         .fill_uniform(basek, 0, pt_want.size(), &mut source_xa);
 
-    pt_want.to_mut().at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
+    pt_want.data.at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
 
     let k: usize = 1;
 

@@ -769,9 +769,9 @@ ct_rlwe.external_product_inplace(&module, &ct_rgsw, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct_rlwe.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want.data, 0);
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
M core/src/test_fft64/glwe_fourier.rs → core/src/test_fft64/glwe_fourier.rs 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ keys::{SecretKey, SecretKeyFourier},
     keyswitch_key::GLWESwitchingKey,
     test_fft64::{gglwe::log2_std_noise_gglwe_product, ggsw::noise_ggsw_product},
 };
-use backend::{FFT64, FillUniform, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxAlloc, ScratchOwned, Stats, VecZnxOps, VecZnxToMut, ZnxViewMut};
+use backend::{FFT64, FillUniform, Module, ScalarZnx, ScalarZnxAlloc, ScratchOwned, Stats, VecZnxOps, ZnxViewMut};
 use sampling::source::Source;
 
 #[test]

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
     let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank_out);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-    ksk.encrypt_sk(
+    ksk.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ ct_glwe_dft_out.idft(&module, &mut ct_glwe_out, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct_glwe_out.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
     let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
     let mut sk_out_dft: SecretKeyFourier<Vec<u8>, FFT64> = SecretKeyFourier::alloc(&module, rank);
     sk_out_dft.dft(&module, &sk_out);
 
-    ksk.encrypt_sk(
+    ksk.generate_from_sk(
         &module,
         &sk_in,
         &sk_out_dft,

@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ ct_rlwe_dft.idft(&module, &mut ct_glwe, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct_glwe.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_out_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
     let noise_want: f64 = log2_std_noise_gglwe_product(

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ pt_want
         .data
         .fill_uniform(basek, 0, pt_want.size(), &mut source_xa);
 
-    pt_want.to_mut().at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
+    pt_want.data.at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
 
     let k: usize = 1;
 

@@ -310,9 +310,9 @@ ct_out_dft.idft(&module, &mut ct_out, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct_out.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want.data, 0);
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
 

@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ pt_want
         .data
         .fill_uniform(basek, 0, pt_want.size(), &mut source_xa);
 
-    pt_want.to_mut().at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
+    pt_want.data.at_mut(0, 0)[1] = 1;
 
     let k: usize = 1;
 

@@ -410,9 +410,9 @@ ct_rlwe_dft.idft(&module, &mut ct, scratch.borrow());
 
     ct.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_rotate_inplace(k as i64, &mut pt_want.data, 0);
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have, 0, &pt_want, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_have.data, 0, &pt_want.data, 0);
 
     let noise_have: f64 = pt_have.data.std(0, basek).log2();
M core/src/test_fft64/tensor_key.rs → core/src/test_fft64/tensor_key.rs 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ tensor_key
                         .at(i, j)
                         .get_row(&module, row_i, col_i, &mut ct_glwe_fourier);
                     ct_glwe_fourier.decrypt(&module, &mut pt, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
-                    module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt, 0, row_i, &sk_ij, col_i);
+                    module.vec_znx_sub_scalar_inplace(&mut pt.data, 0, row_i, &sk_ij, col_i);
                     let std_pt: f64 = pt.data.std(0, basek) * (k as f64).exp2();
                     assert!((sigma - std_pt).abs() <= 0.2, "{} {}", sigma, std_pt);
                 });
M core/src/test_fft64/trace.rs → core/src/test_fft64/trace.rs 
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ (0..pt_want.size()).for_each(|i| pt_want.data.at_mut(0, i)[0] = pt_have.data.at(0, i)[0]);
 
     ct.decrypt(&module, &mut pt_have, &sk_dft, scratch.borrow());
 
-    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_want, 0, &pt_have, 0);
-    module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut pt_want, 0, scratch.borrow());
+    module.vec_znx_sub_ab_inplace(&mut pt_want.data, 0, &pt_have.data, 0);
+    module.vec_znx_normalize_inplace(basek, &mut pt_want.data, 0, scratch.borrow());
 
     let noise_have = pt_want.data.std(0, basek).log2();
M core/src/trace.rs → core/src/trace.rs 
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use backend::{FFT64, MatZnxDft, MatZnxDftToRef, Module, Scratch, VecZnx, VecZnxToMut, VecZnxToRef};
+use backend::{FFT64, Module, Scratch};
 
-use crate::{automorphism::AutomorphismKey, glwe_ciphertext::GLWECiphertext};
+use crate::{
+    automorphism::AutomorphismKey,
+    elem::{Infos, SetMetaData},
+    glwe_ciphertext::{GLWECiphertext, GLWECiphertextToMut, GLWECiphertextToRef},
+    glwe_ops::GLWEOps,
+};
 
 impl GLWECiphertext<Vec<u8>> {
     pub fn trace_galois_elements(module: &Module<FFT64>) -> Vec<i64> {

@@ -32,11 +37,11 @@ Self::automorphism_inplace_scratch_space(module, out_size, rank, autokey_size)
     }
 }
 
-impl<DataSelf> GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>
+impl<DataSelf: AsRef<[u8]> + AsMut<[u8]>> GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>
 where
-    VecZnx<DataSelf>: VecZnxToMut,
+    GLWECiphertext<DataSelf>: GLWECiphertextToMut + Infos + SetMetaData,
 {
-    pub fn trace<DataLhs, DataAK>(
+    pub fn trace<DataLhs: AsRef<[u8]>, DataAK: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         start: usize,

@@ -45,23 +50,20 @@ lhs: &GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>,
         auto_keys: &HashMap<i64, AutomorphismKey<DataAK, FFT64>>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
     ) where
-        VecZnx<DataLhs>: VecZnxToRef,
-        MatZnxDft<DataAK, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
+        GLWECiphertext<DataLhs>: GLWECiphertextToRef + Infos,
     {
         self.copy(module, lhs);
         self.trace_inplace(module, start, end, auto_keys, scratch);
     }
 
-    pub fn trace_inplace<DataAK>(
+    pub fn trace_inplace<DataAK: AsRef<[u8]>>(
         &mut self,
         module: &Module<FFT64>,
         start: usize,
         end: usize,
         auto_keys: &HashMap<i64, AutomorphismKey<DataAK, FFT64>>,
         scratch: &mut Scratch,
-    ) where
-        MatZnxDft<DataAK, FFT64>: MatZnxDftToRef<FFT64>,
-    {
+    ) {
         (start..end).for_each(|i| {
             self.rsh(1, scratch);